Laboratory evaluation of a rapid IgG4 antibody test (BLF Rapid™) for bancroftian filariasis

At the end phase of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, antibody testing may have a role in decision-making for bancroftian filariasis–endemic areas. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of BLF Rapid ™ , a prototype immunochromatographic IgG4-based test using BmSXP recombinant protein, for detection of bancroftian filariasis. The test was evaluated using 258 serum samples, comprising 96 samples tested at Universiti Sains Malaysia (in-house) and 162 samples tested independently at three international laboratories in the USA and India, and two laboratories in Malaysia. The independent testing involved 99 samples from Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria or antigen positive individuals and 63 samples from people who were healthy or had other infections. The in-house evaluation showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The independent evaluations showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 84–100% and 100% specificity (excluding non-lymphatic filarial infections). BLF Rapid has potential as a surveillance diagnostic tool to make “Transmission Assessment Survey”–stopping decisions and conduct post-elimination surveillance

PERAN GURU PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA DAN KEWARGANEGARAAN DALAM MENANGGULANGI MASALAH KENAKALAN REMAJA DI SEKOLAH MENEGAH ATAS NEGERI 1 BOKAT KACAMATAN BOKAT KABUPATEN BUOL SULAWESI TENGAH

. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana Peran Guru Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan dalam Menanggulangi Masalah Kenakalan Remaja di Sekolah SMA negeri 1 Bokat Kecamatan Bokat kabupaten Buol dan Untuk mengetahui Faktor-faktor apa saja yang Melatar Belakangi Masalah kenakalan Remaja di Sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Bokat Kecamatan Bokat Kabupaten. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Pendekatan Kualitatif yaitu dengan mendekripsikan data penelitian dalam bentuk kalimat-kalimat berupa keterangan dan pernyataan-pernyataan dari informan sesuai dengan realita dilapangan. Buol melalui hasil observasi, wawancara dan dokmentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjuk bagaimana Peran guru PPKn dalam Menanggulangi Masalah Kenakalan Remaja di Sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Bokat, Guru PPKn sudah melakukan perannya bahwa sebagai pembimbing dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar sangat di perlukan, selain melaksanakan tugas mengajar, mendidik perilaku peserta didik supaya tidak melakukan kenakalan atau tingkah lakunya melanggar norma di sekolah serta peraturan-peraturan tata tertib yang sudah ditetapkan oleh pihak sekolah. Adapun faktor-faktor yang melatar belakangi masalah kenakalan remaja di sekolah SMA N 1 Bokat yaitu adalah a) Lingkungan masyarakat yang negatif; b) Broken home; c) Pergaulan teman sebaya; d) Kurangnya perhatian orang tua. Dari keempat faktor tersebut yang mempengaruhi perilaku remaja dalam lingkungan sekolah dan luar sekolah

Studi Komparasi Sni 01-4449-2006 Dengan Jis a 5905 : 2003 .

Japan and Indonesia has own criteria in determinating the applicable standards for fiberboard in accordance with the development of industry in each country. JIS and SNI have differences and similarities that are only applicable in their respective countries so that the necessary information to evaluate these standards in order to be valid not only in each country. The purpose of this research is to compare SNI 01-4449-2006 with JIS A 5905-2003. Data analysis was done by using descriptive comparative technic that is compare standards specified in SNI 01-4449-2006 with JIS A 5905-2003 so that known differences and similarities of each standard. Result of the comparition between the parameter of JIS A 5905-2003 and SNI 01-4449-2006 show that the overall standard is different. The difference between these two standardsis available on the parameters of normative parameters of mold thickness, length and width, provided that te testing and measurement of test samples. JIS A 5905-2003has testing standards for fire resistance test and resistance for weather and SNI 01-4449-2006 doesn\u27t have that testing standards. Based of the comparition of the parameters between JIS A 5905-2003 and SNI 01-4449-2006, it can be concluded that JIS A 5905-2003is more complete than SNI 01-4449-2006

Pengaruh Payment Point Online Bank (PPOB) Dalam Percepatan Aliran Kas Pada PT PLN (Persero) Distribusi Lampung

Growth inthe number of customers accompanied by the increasing of electricity bills caused the cash inflow of  PT PLN (Persero) Distribusi Lampung increased. The conventional systems which were implemented before 2010 need a relatively long time to send cash inflows from customer to the receipt accounts of PT PLN (Persero) Head Office. Therefore, PT PLN (Persero) Distribusi Lampung in 2010 introduced a system of electricity bill payment called Payment Point Online Bank (PPOB). Since the Payment Point Online Bank (PPOB) was applied, and then the cash inflows to the account receipt of PT PLN (Persero) have been faster. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Payment Point Online Bank (PPOB) in accelerating the cash inflows.The samples in this study were the years of 2009 and 2012 with a36 monthobservation on the average of cash delivery which were received from the customer to the Head Office of PT. PLN (Persero). The type of data used was secondary data and the analytical technique was the Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon test. The result of analysis using SPSS version 18 shows that there was difference between the Payment Point Online Bank (PPOB) and the conventional systems in accelerating cash inflows with 0.001 < 0.05 of significance value

Biodiesel production from Cannabis sativa oil from Pakistan

The present study was appraised using response surface methodology for process optimization owing to strong interaction of reaction variables: NaOCH3 catalyst concentration (0.25–1.50%), methanol/oil molar ratio (3:1–9:1), reaction time (30–90 min), and reaction temperature (45–65°C). The quadratic polynomial equation was determined using response surface methodology for predicting optimum methyl esters yield from Cannabis sativa oil. The analysis of variance results indicated that molar ratio and reaction temperature were the key factors that appreciably influence the yield of Cannabis sativa oil methyl esters. The significant (p < 0.0001) variable interaction between molar ratio × catalyst concentration and reaction time × molar ratio was observed, which mostly affect the Cannabis sativa oil methyl esters yield. The optimum Cannabis sativa oil methyl esters yield, i.e., 86.01% was gained at 53°C reaction temperature, 7.5:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 65 min reaction time, and 0.80% catalyst concentration. The results depicted a linear relationship between observed and predicted values. The residual analysis predicted the appropriateness of the central composite design. The Cannabis sativa oil methyl esters, analyzed by gas chromatography, elucidated six fatty acid methyl esters (linoleic, α-linolenic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, and γ-linolenic acids). In addition, the fuel properties, such as kinematic viscosity at 40°C; cetane number; acid value; flash point; cloud, pour, and cold filter plugging points; ash content; density; and sulphur content, of Cannabis sativa oil methyl esters were evaluated and discussed with reference to ASTM D 6751 and EU 14214 biodiesel specifications

Physiological Status of Fattening Bali Cattle Feeding a Concentrate Containing Gliricidia sepium Leaves Meal Fortified with Vitamin B-Complex and Vermicide

This research has been conducted at Oeletsala village, for 10 weeks from 23 November 2015 to 23 January 2016, comprised of 2 weeks preliminary and 8 weeks for data collection. The aim of the research was to study the effect of feeding a Gliricidia sepium leaves meal concentrate fortified with B. complex vitamin and vermicide on rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, and heart rate of fattening Bali cattle. Experimental animals used were nine young male Bali cattle of 1.5-2 years old, with an initial body weight ranging from 82 to 124 kg (KV=15.114%) in average of 98.7±14.93 kg. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design with three treatments and three replications. Those treatments were R0 = leaves of Leucaena leucocephala and Ceiba pentandra+ native grass ad libitum (as commonly practiced by local farmers), R1 = R0 + 2 kg concentrate, and R2 = R1 + B. complex vitamin, and vermicide. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect of the treatments on rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, and heart rate of the fattening Bali cattle(P ≤ 0.05).In conclusion, there was no significant effect of Gliricidia sepium leaves meal concentrate, vitamin B. complex, and vermicide on rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, and heart rate of the fattening Bali cattle. Keywords: concentrate, B complex vitamin, worm vermicide, rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, and heart rat

Kajian dan analisa undang undang piagam dan kisah negeri jambi

Naskah Undang-undang Piagam dan Kisah Negeri Jambi yang menjadi sumber penelitian dan kajian ini, adalah suatu naskah yang ditulis oleh Oemar Ngebi Sutho Dilago Periai Rajo Saro. Naskah ini berisi tentang adat-istiadat Jambi, undang-undang Negeri Jambi, berikut memuat segala peraturan yang sedang berlaku pada waktu itu. Di samping itu memuat pula sanksi hukum, baik menurut hukum adat maupun hukum Islam

Síntesis de ésteres de acetato hexilo, mediante transesterificación química a partir de palma como base sintética de fluidos para sondeos

In the present study the synthesis of a palm based ethylhexyl ester was examined through a transesterification reaction of palm oil methyl ester (POME) with 2-ethylhexanol (EH). A sodium methoxide in methanol solution was used as a catalyst. The reaction was carried out at a fixed pressure of 1.5 mbar by varying the temperature (80–140 °C), POME/2EH molar ratio (1:1.5–1:2.2), reaction time (0.5–4 h) and catalyst concentration (1–2% w/w). The reaction with 2-ethylhexanol involved a single step reversible reaction, thus, the reaction was completed in a very short time. The optimum conditions were obtained in less than 30 minutes with 1.5 mbar pressure, 70 °C, and 1:2 molar ratio of POME to 2EH. The analysis of the final product (ethylhexyl ester) was performed using gas chromatography which exhibited 98% of ethyl hexyl ester yield. The gas chromatography analysis of ethyl hexyl ester revealed two major esters peaks i.e. ethyl hexyl palmitate and ethylhexyl oleate.En el presente estudio se analizó la síntesis de ésteres de acetato de hexilo de palma mediante reacción de transesterificación de los ésteres metílicos de aceite de palma (PME) con 2-etilhexanol (EH). Como catalizador se utiliza una solución de metóxido de sodio en metanol. La reacción se lleva a cabo a presión fija de 1,5 mbar mediante la variación de temperatura (80–140 °C), relación molar POME/2EH (1:1.5–1:2.2), tiempo de reacción (0,5–4 h) y concentración de catalizador (1–2% w / w). La reacción con 2-etilhexanol implica un solo paso de una reacción reversible, por lo tanto, ésta se completa en un tiempo muy corto. Las condiciones óptimas se obtuvieron en menos de 30 min a 1,5 mbar, 70 °C y una relación molar de 1:2 de POME al 2EH. El análisis del producto final se realizó usando cromatografía de gases que mostró un rendimiento del 98% del etilhexil éster. El análisis de la cromatografía de gases del etilhexil éster muestra dos grandes picos correspondientes a los ésteres palmitato y oleato de etilhexilo

Antibiotic resistance microbes in tropical mangrove sediments, East Coast Peninsular, Malaysia

The study has been conducted at Tanjung Lumpur, mangrove swamp on January 2009 to isolate and identify the bacterial community in mangrove soil and their resistance against antibiotics. Identified bacteria were Aeromonas hydrophila group 1 and 2, Escherichia coli 1, Chryseomonas luteola, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia rubudaea, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Enterobacter cloacae. The identified bacteria were introduced to fourteen different antibiotics to determine the bacterial susceptibility. All the isolates showed 100% resistant towards β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin and penicillin), vancomycin, sulphafurazole, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, novobiocin, clindamycin and bacitracin indicates the presence of bacterial amidases and β-lactamases in the bacteria which inhibit the action of β- lactam antibiotics. Bacteria isolated from mangrove soil showed 66.7 and 77.8% resistance against chloramphenicol and streptomycin, respectively, suggesting that the lipid composition might play a key role in preventing the entrance or binding of antibiotic to the cell. All the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin since it inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase II that cause the negative super coil in DNA and thus permits transcription or replication. All bacterial isolates showed Multi Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index higher than 0.2 and proved high-risk sources of contamination of the environment. This study proved the presence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains in mangrove soil that could be used for further studies

Conversión de Oleum papaveris seminis en ésteres metílicos mediante un proceso de esterificación: Optimización y estudio cinético

This paper presents an acid pre-treatment process and a kinetic study for the esterification reaction of Oleum papaveris seminis oil with methanol in the presence of amberlite 120 as a solid catalyst to convert the oil into methyl esters. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters, i.e. reaction time, percentage of the catalyst and volume ratio of methanol to oil. The results revealed that 0.87% w/w of catalyst concentration and 44.70% v/v of methanol to oil ratio provided final free fatty acid (FFA) contents of 0.60% w/w at 102.40 min of reaction time. It proved that the contribution of Amberlite 120 in the esterification of FFA was highly significant. The kinetics of the esterification in Oleum papaveris seminis oil with methanol in the presence of the amberlite 120 catalyst were also investigated to establish the reaction rate constant (k), reaction order, and activation energy. The study was performed under the optimized parameters at three reaction temperatures (50, 55, and 60 ºC). The value of k was in the range of 0.013 to 0.027 min-1. The first-order kinetics’ model was suitable for this irreversible FFA esterification with the activation energy of about 60.9 KJ·mol-1.En este artículo se presenta un proceso de pre-tratamiento con ácido, y un estudio cinético de la reacción de esterificación. Se utiliza Oleum papaveris seminis con metanol en presencia de Amberlite 120 como catalizador sólido para la formación de los ésteres metílicos. Se aplicó una metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) para optimizar los parámetros de la reacción; es decir, tiempo de reacción, porcentaje de la relación de catalizador y volumen de metanol - aceite. Los resultados mostraron que el 0,87% w/w de la concentración de catalizador y 44,70% v/v de metanol en relación al aceite dan lugar a un contenido final de ácidos grasos libres (FFA) de 0,60% w/w en 102,40 min de tiempo de reacción. Se demostró que la contribución de Amberlite 120 en la esterificación de los FFA fue altamente significativa. La cinética de la esterificación del Oleum papaveris Seminis con metanol en presencia del catalizador Amberlite 120 también se investigó para establecer la constante de velocidad de reacción (k), orden de la reacción, y la energía de activación. El estudio se realizó bajo los parámetros optimizados a tres temperaturas de reacción (50, 55, y 60 °C). El valor de la constante k fué del rango de 0.013 a 0,027 min-1. El modelo de cinética de primer orden fue el adecuado para esta esterificación FFA irreversible con una energía de activación de aproximadamente 60,9 KJ mol -1