20 research outputs found
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Integrating Plug-in Electric Vehicles into the Grid: Policy Entrepreneurship in California
The deployment of large numbers of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), in order to satisfy zero-emission-vehicle (ZEV) goals in California, brings both potential benefits and costs for the electric grid. Since early 2009, the issue of so-called vehicle-grid integration (VGI) has become a center-stage policy discussion among the electricity and transportation sectors. By conducting a policy process analysis, this research addresses the questions of how the policy process for VGI regulations has been formed in California, and what have been the major challenges in policy-making. A series of interviews were conducted between with representatives of 18 organizations from the government, electric utility, and PEV sectors. The qualitative data is analyzed under the three dimensions of policy process; problem, politics, and policy as suggested by Multiple Streams framework (Kingdon, 1995). The results show that a policy window for VGI regulations was opened for the first time by the political stream, through State Senate Bill 626 in 2009, and later, supported by the Governorâs ZEV action plan in 2012. In response, the California Public Utility Commission became a policy entrepreneur, and has adopted an incremental policy-making strategy targeting investor-owned utilities (IOUs). The two largest barriers facing an effective policy solution are identified as the complexities involved in quantifying economic value from VGI and the feasibility concerns about adopting VGI enabling technologies on the grid
A core outcome set for preâeclampsia research: an international consensus development study
Objective
To develop a core outcome set for preâeclampsia.
Design
Consensus development study.
Setting
International.
Population
Two hundred and eightâone healthcare professionals, 41 researchers and 110 patients, representing 56 countries, participated.
Methods
Modified Delphi method and Modified Nominal Group Technique.
Results
A longâlist of 116 potential core outcomes was developed by combining the outcomes reported in 79 preâeclampsia trials with those derived from thematic analysis of 30 inâdepth interviews of women with lived experience of preâeclampsia. Fortyâseven consensus outcomes were identified from the Delphi process following which 14 maternal and eight offspring core outcomes were agreed at the consensus development meeting. Maternal core outcomes: death, eclampsia, stroke, cortical blindness, retinal detachment, pulmonary oedema, acute kidney injury, liver haematoma or rupture, abruption, postpartum haemorrhage, raised liver enzymes, low platelets, admission to intensive care required, and intubation and ventilation. Offspring core outcomes: stillbirth, gestational age at delivery, birthweight, smallâforâgestationalâage, neonatal mortality, seizures, admission to neonatal unit required and respiratory support.
Conclusions
The core outcome set for preâeclampsia should underpin future randomised trials and systematic reviews. Such implementation should ensure that future research holds the necessary reach and relevance to inform clinical practice, enhance women's care and improve the outcomes of pregnant women and their babies
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Developing Strategies for Plug-in Electric Vehicle and Smart Grid Integration in California: A Qualitative Analysis of Expert Opinions
This empirical study first identifies vehicle-grid integration (VGI) strategies as discussed by stakeholders in California, then, provides a feasibility assessment for these strategies focusing on technical and market challenges. VGI strategies presented in this paper include four components: (1) plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) load identification and tracking; (2) choice of a load management strategy, (3) deployment of enabling technologies, and, finally, (4) providing grid services and compensating participants. The assessment is performed based on a qualitative analysis of expert opinions gathered by a series of stakeholder interviews. These interviews were conducted with representatives of 18 organizations from the government, electric utility, and PEV sectors. The participants expressed their opinions about potential VGI strategies based on personal or company experiences. The qualitative data is analyzed under three categories of load management, which include dynamic pricing, demand response, and energy storage. The results show that both, technical and market challenges exist in each of the load management strategies, except the most basic dynamic pricing strategy. This strategy, which provides special time-of-use rates for PEV-owner households, is currently being implemented by all major utilities in California. The findings also feature a list of technical and market challenges that need to be taken into consideration by stakeholders in VGI-related decision-making
Recommended from our members
Integrating Plug-in Electric Vehicles into the Grid: Policy Entrepreneurship in California
The deployment of large numbers of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), in order to satisfy zero-emission-vehicle (ZEV) goals in California, brings both potential benefits and costs for the electric grid. Since early 2009, the issue of so-called vehicle-grid integration (VGI) has become a center-stage policy discussion among the electricity and transportation sectors. By conducting a policy process analysis, this research addresses the questions of how the policy process for VGI regulations has been formed in California, and what have been the major challenges in policy-making. A series of interviews were conducted between with representatives of 18 organizations from the government, electric utility, and PEV sectors. The qualitative data is analyzed under the three dimensions of policy process; problem, politics, and policy as suggested by Multiple Streams framework (Kingdon, 1995). The results show that a policy window for VGI regulations was opened for the first time by the political stream, through State Senate Bill 626 in 2009, and later, supported by the Governorâs ZEV action plan in 2012. In response, the California Public Utility Commission became a policy entrepreneur, and has adopted an incremental policy-making strategy targeting investor-owned utilities (IOUs). The two largest barriers facing an effective policy solution are identified as the complexities involved in quantifying economic value from VGI and the feasibility concerns about adopting VGI enabling technologies on the grid
A core outcome set for pre-eclampsia research: an international consensus development study
Objective: To develop a core outcome set for pre-eclampsia. Design: Consensus development study. Setting: International. Population: Two hundred and eight-one healthcare professionals, 41 researchers and 110 patients, representing 56 countries, participated. Methods: Modified Delphi method and Modified Nominal Group Technique. Results: A long-list of 116 potential core outcomes was developed by combining the outcomes reported in 79 pre-eclampsia trials with those derived from thematic analysis of 30 in-depth interviews of women with lived experience of pre-eclampsia. Forty-seven consensus outcomes were identified from the Delphi process following which 14 maternal and eight offspring core outcomes were agreed at the consensus development meeting. Maternal core outcomes: death, eclampsia, stroke, cortical blindness, retinal detachment, pulmonary oedema, acute kidney injury, liver haematoma or rupture, abruption, postpartum haemorrhage, raised liver enzymes, low platelets, admission to intensive care required, and intubation and ventilation. Offspring core outcomes: stillbirth, gestational age at delivery, birthweight, small-for-gestational-age, neonatal mortality, seizures, admission to neonatal unit required and respiratory support. Conclusions: The core outcome set for pre-eclampsia should underpin future randomised trials and systematic reviews. Such implementation should ensure that future research holds the necessary reach and relevance to inform clinical practice, enhance women's care and improve the outcomes of pregnant women and their babies. Tweetable abstract: 281 healthcare professionals, 41 researchers and 110 women have developed #preeclampsia core outcomes @HOPEoutcomes @jamesmnduffy. [Correction added on 29 June 2020, after first online publication: the order has been corrected.]