Effects Of Androstenedione, A Phytoandrogen, On Growth And Body Composition In The African Catfish Clarias Gariepinus

The present study investigated the effects of a phytoandrogen, androstenedione, on growth, body composition, and survival in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Three concentrations (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg feed) were administered for 120 days. Survival of treated groups did not sig- nificantly differ from the control and ranged 94.44-97.78%. A significantly higher weight gain was obtained in the 50 and 75 mg/kg diets. The fish fed these diets also had significantly better food conversion and protein efficiency ratios. Apparent net protein utilization was better in treated groups than in the control. The protein and lipid contents of the carcass of treated fish were sig- nificantly higher than in the control, with the highest contents in the 50 mg/kg treatment. The highest ash content was in the 25 mg/kg treatment. In overall parameters, 50 mg androstene- dione per kg diet was the optimal concentration

Dobivanje nadomjestka mliječne masti iz majčina mlijeka interesterifikacijom biljnih ulja

Palm oil, palm kernel oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and marine oil blend, formulated in the mass ratio of 4.0:3.5:1.0:1.5:0.2, was subjected to interesterification catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme® TL IM) for obtaining a product that contains similar triacylglycerol (TAG) structure to that of human milk fat (HMF). Reactions were carried out in a double jacketed glass vessel equipped with magnetic stirrer at 60 °C for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h. The blend was analyzed for fatty acid composition of both total fatty acids and those at the sn-2 position after pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. After interesterification, TAGs were purified by thin layer chromatography and TAG species were determined according to the carbon number (CN) by high-temperature gas chromatography. Enzymatic interesterification generated significant differences for all TAG species from CN30 to CN54. Concentrations of some TAG species (CN30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 50, 52 and 54) decreased, while some (CN40 to 48) increased after 24 h. TAG species with higher CN reached maximum levels at the end of 6 h of reaction time. The predominant TAGs of the reaction product after 24 h were CN46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 with ratios of 13.8, 18.2, 13.9, 17.8, and 12.1 %, respectively. These TAG species contain mainly 1,3-diunsaturated-2-saturated structure, like HMF.Interesterifikacijom mješavine palmina ulja, ulja koštice palme, maslinova, suncokretova i ribljeg ulja (maseni omjer 4,0:3,5:1,0:1,5:0,2), ubrzane lipazom iz Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme® TL IM), dobiven je proizvod po sastavu sličan triacilglicerolu iz majčina mlijeka. Postupak je proveden u posudama s dvostrukom stijenkom i magnetskom miješalicom na 60 °C tijekom 6, 8, 12 i 24 h. Istražen je sastav ukupnih masnih kiselina i onih u sn-2 položaju nakon hidrolize pomoću lipaze gušterače. Nakon interesterifikacije triacilgliceroli su izdvojeni tankoslojnom kromatografijom, a broj ugljikovih atoma utvrđen je plinskom kromatografijom pri visokoj temperaturi. Interesterifikacija je uzrokovala velike razlike u sastavu svih triacilglicerola s 30-54 ugljikovih atoma. Smanjile su se koncentracije nekih triacilglicerola (sa 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 50, 52 i 54 ugljikova atoma), dok su se neke (onih sa 40 do 48 ugljikovih atoma) povećale nakon 24 h. Nakon 6 sati reakcije bilo je najviše triacilglicerola s većim brojem ugljikovih atoma. Nakon 24 sata prevladali su triacilgliceroli sa 46, 48, 50, 52 i 54 ugljikova atoma. Njihov je udio iznosio: 13,8; 18,2; 13,9; 17,8 i 12,1 %. Struktura tih triacilglicerola bila je slična onima iz majčina mlijeka

Natriuretic Peptides

Natriuretic peptide includes some neurohormones, such as atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptides (CNP) and dendroapsis natriuretic peptides (DNP). There are released from by heart, brain, endothelium and other organs. The effects of these peptides are widespread, they plays a role regulations of natriuresis, diuresis, blood volume, blood pressure, fat metabolism, long bone growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. These biological actions are regulated through membrane-bound guanylyl cyclased receptors. In this review, the structure, function and physiological effects on various systems of natriuretic peptides are described

Natriuretic Peptides

Natriüretik peptitler; atrial natriüretik peptit (ANP), B-tipi natriüretik peptit (BNP), C-tipi natriüretik peptit (CNP), Dtipi natriüretik peptit (DNP) nörohormonlarından oluşur. Bu hormonlar kalp, beyin, endotel ve diğer organlardan salınmaktadır. Natriüretik peptitler yaygın etki göstermektedirler. Natriürez, diürez, kan hacmi, kan basıncı, yağ metabolizması, kemik büyümesi ve hücre çoğalmasının engellenmesinin düzenlenmesinde rol oynarlar. Bu biyolojik aksiyonlarını membran guanil siklaz reseptörleri yoluyla düzenlemektedirler. Bu derlemede, natriüretik peptitlerin yapısı, fonksiyonları ve çeşitli sistemler üzerindeki etkileri anlatılmıştır.Natriuretic peptide includes some neurohormones, such as atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptides (CNP) and dendroapsis natriuretic peptides (DNP). There are released from by heart, brain, endothelium and other organs. The effects of these peptides are widespread, they plays a role regulations of natriuresis, diuresis, blood volume, blood pressure, fat metabolism, long bone growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. These biological actions are regulated through membrane-bound guanylyl cyclased receptors. In this review, the structure, function and physiological effects on various systems of natriuretic peptides are described

Evaluation of the effect of Birth Preparation Program on birth satisfaction with „Salmon’s Item List” scale

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a birth preparation program on birth satisfaction. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with patients who applied to our hospital between January 2018 and January 2019. A total of 164 pregnant women (Study Group) who applied for the birth preparation program and completed all training in our hospital and 152 pregnant women who did not apply for the birth preparation program and who did not know about such training (Control Group) were included in the study. Demographical data and obstetric parameters of the groups were recorded. All patients were evaluated with the Visual Analog Scale and Salmon’s Item List scale 48 hours after the delivery. The scores of both groups were compared. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of age, gravida, parity, gestational week of birth, the birth weight of infants, and 5th-minute APGAR scores. It was found that the Visual Analog Scale scores of the Control Group were significantly higher than in the Study Group. The Salmon’s Item List scores of the Study Group were significantly higher than those of the patients in the Control Group (< 0.01). Conclusions: The birth preparation program increases satisfaction during labor and decreases the traumas that may occur in the following births and increase comfort in the postpartum period. For this reason, such programs must be applied commonly to ensure that women can face both the birth and postpartum processes comfortably

Dobivanje nadomjestka mliječne masti iz majčina mlijeka interesterifikacijom biljnih ulja

Palm oil, palm kernel oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and marine oil blend, formulated in the mass ratio of 4.0:3.5:1.0:1.5:0.2, was subjected to interesterification catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme® TL IM) for obtaining a product that contains similar triacylglycerol (TAG) structure to that of human milk fat (HMF). Reactions were carried out in a double jacketed glass vessel equipped with magnetic stirrer at 60 °C for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h. The blend was analyzed for fatty acid composition of both total fatty acids and those at the sn-2 position after pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. After interesterification, TAGs were purified by thin layer chromatography and TAG species were determined according to the carbon number (CN) by high-temperature gas chromatography. Enzymatic interesterification generated significant differences for all TAG species from CN30 to CN54. Concentrations of some TAG species (CN30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 50, 52 and 54) decreased, while some (CN40 to 48) increased after 24 h. TAG species with higher CN reached maximum levels at the end of 6 h of reaction time. The predominant TAGs of the reaction product after 24 h were CN46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 with ratios of 13.8, 18.2, 13.9, 17.8, and 12.1 %, respectively. These TAG species contain mainly 1,3-diunsaturated-2-saturated structure, like HMF.Interesterifikacijom mješavine palmina ulja, ulja koštice palme, maslinova, suncokretova i ribljeg ulja (maseni omjer 4,0:3,5:1,0:1,5:0,2), ubrzane lipazom iz Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme® TL IM), dobiven je proizvod po sastavu sličan triacilglicerolu iz majčina mlijeka. Postupak je proveden u posudama s dvostrukom stijenkom i magnetskom miješalicom na 60 °C tijekom 6, 8, 12 i 24 h. Istražen je sastav ukupnih masnih kiselina i onih u sn-2 položaju nakon hidrolize pomoću lipaze gušterače. Nakon interesterifikacije triacilgliceroli su izdvojeni tankoslojnom kromatografijom, a broj ugljikovih atoma utvrđen je plinskom kromatografijom pri visokoj temperaturi. Interesterifikacija je uzrokovala velike razlike u sastavu svih triacilglicerola s 30-54 ugljikovih atoma. Smanjile su se koncentracije nekih triacilglicerola (sa 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 50, 52 i 54 ugljikova atoma), dok su se neke (onih sa 40 do 48 ugljikovih atoma) povećale nakon 24 h. Nakon 6 sati reakcije bilo je najviše triacilglicerola s većim brojem ugljikovih atoma. Nakon 24 sata prevladali su triacilgliceroli sa 46, 48, 50, 52 i 54 ugljikova atoma. Njihov je udio iznosio: 13,8; 18,2; 13,9; 17,8 i 12,1 %. Struktura tih triacilglicerola bila je slična onima iz majčina mlijeka

Quercetin protects the retina by reducing apoptosis due to ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin on apoptotic cell death induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat retina. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four equal groups: control, ischemic, solvent, and quercetin. I/R injury was achieved by elevating the intraocular pressure above the perfusion pressure. Intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg of quercetin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were performed in the quercetin and solvent groups, respectively, immediately prior to I/R injury, and the researchers allowed for the retinas to be reperfused. Forty-eight hours after injury, the thicknesses of the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL) were measured in all groups. Moreover, the numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end-labeled [TUNEL (+)] cells and caspase-3 (+) cells in both INL and ONL were evaluated in all groups. Results: The administration of quercetin was found to reduce the thinning of all retinal layers. The mean thickness of INL in the quercetin and ischemic groups was 21 ± 5.6 µm and 16 ± 6.4 µm, respectively (P<0.05). Similarly, the mean thickness of ONL in the quercetin and ischemic groups was 50 ± 12.8 µm and 40 ± 8.7 µm, respectively (P<0.05). The antiapoptotic effect of quercetin in terms of reducing the numbers of both TUNEL (+) cells and caspase-3 (+) cells was significant in INL. The mean number of TUNEL (+) cells in INL in the ischemic and quercetin groups was 476.8 ± 45.6/mm2 and 238.72 ± 251/mm2, respectively (P<0.005). The mean number of caspase-3 (+) cells in INL of ischemic and quercetin groups was 633.6 ± 38.7/mm2 and 342.4 ± 36.1/mm2, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of quercetin may be beneficial in the treatment of retinal I/R injury because of its antiapoptotic effect on the retinal layers, particularly in INL

The annotation scheme of the Turkish Discourse Bank and an evaluation of inconsistent annotations

In this paper, we report on the annotation procedures we developed for annotating the Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB), an effort that extends the Penn Discourse Tree Bank (PDTB) annotation style by using it for annotating Turkish discourse. After a brief introduction to the TDB, we describe the annotation cycle and the annotation scheme we developed, defining which parts of the scheme are an extension of the PDTB and which parts are different. We provide inter-coder reliability calculations on the first and second arguments of some connectives and discuss the most important sources of disagreement among annotators

Protective Effect of Hesperetin and Naringenin against Apoptosis in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Injury in Rats

Purpose. Hesperetin and naringenin are naturally common flavonoids reported to have antioxidative effects. This study was performed to investigate whether either hesperetin or naringenin has a protective effect against apoptosis on retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods. Retinal I/R was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure to 150 mmHg for 60 minutes. Thirty-three male Wistar albino rats were randomised into 5 groups named control, I/R + sham, I/R + solvent (DMSO), I/R + hesperetin, and I/R + naringenin. Animals were given either hesperetin, naringenin, or the solvent intraperitoneally immediately following reperfusion. Thickness of retinal layers and retinal cell apoptosis were detected by histological analysis, tunel assay, and immunohistochemistry assay. Results. Hesperetin and naringenin attenuated the I/R-induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the inner and outer nuclear cells of the rat retina. Retinal layer thickness of the naringenin treatment group was significantly thicker than that of the hesperetin, sham, and solvent groups (P<0.05). Conclusions. Hesperetin and naringenin can prevent harmful effects induced by I/R injury in the rat retina by inhibiting apoptosis of retinal cells, which suggests that those flavanones have a therapeutic potential for the protection of ocular ischemic diseases