Varying reasons of young learners’ problem behaviours according to novice ELT teachers

This research is conducted to examine novice ELT teachers’ perspective on the possible motives behind young learners’ problem behaviours in English classes. The gender of ELT teachers have been also considered in order to investigate whether there is a difference between the perception of male and female teachers on the leading causes of problem behaviours in classroom. The adapted version of the questionnaire developed by Miller, Ferguson & Byrne (2000) were conducted with 15 male and 15 female novice teachers in their first year in teaching profession. The result of the study indicated that both male and female novice teachers have similar ideas about the causes of misbehaviour except for one point: (1) teachers’ rewards and punishments. Female teachers stated that teachers’ rewards and punishment might be the main motive for problem behaviours whereas male teachers disregard this factor as a crucial cause of misbehaviour. As for the other three factors, all the teachers agreed that (2) “adult behaviour” and (3) “curriculum demands on children” might increase the frequency of misbehaviour among young learners in English classes. (4) “Personality of the learner”, however, was found to be the most important reason behind problem behaviours. As the results revealed, most of the factors were explained similarly by both male and female teachers except for teachers’ rewards and punishments, a finding which shows that gender has little (if any) effect on novice teachers’ attribution for learner misbehaviour in EFL classes

Varying reasons of young learners’ problem behaviours according to novice ELT teachers

This research is conducted to examine novice ELT teachers’ perspective on the possible motives behind young learners’ problem behaviours in English classes. The gender of ELT teachers have been also considered in order to investigate whether there is a difference between the perception of male and female teachers on the leading causes of problem behaviours in classroom. The adapted version of the questionnaire developed by Miller, Ferguson & Byrne (2000) were conducted with 15 male and 15 female novice teachers in their first year in teaching profession. The result of the study indicated that both male and female novice teachers have similar ideas about the causes of misbehaviour except for one point: (1) teachers’ rewards and punishments. Female teachers stated that teachers’ rewards and punishment might be the main motive for problem behaviours whereas male teachers disregard this factor as a crucial cause of misbehaviour. As for the other three factors, all the teachers agreed that (2) “adult behaviour” and (3) “curriculum demands on children” might increase the frequency of misbehaviour among young learners in English classes. (4) “Personality of the learner”, however, was found to be the most important reason behind problem behaviours. As the results revealed, most of the factors were explained similarly by both male and female teachers except for teachers’ rewards and punishments, a finding which shows that gender has little (if any) effect on novice teachers’ attribution for learner misbehaviour in EFL classes

Phospholipase A2 in Salivary Glands Isolated from Tobacco Hornworms, \u3ci\u3eManduca sexta\u3c/i\u3e

We describe a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) associated with the salivary glands of tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta. This enzyme is able to hydrolyze arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of PLs. Addition of the calcium chelator, EGTA, or calcium, to the Tris reaction buffer impaired the PLA2 activity, from which we infer the enzyme requires very low concentrations of calcium or perhaps other ions for optimal activity. PLA2 activity was sensitive to protein concentration (highest activity at 25 μg protein per μl), reaction time (optimal at 30 min), buffer pH (optimal at pH 8–10), and reaction temperature (optimal range 18–38°C). The salivary gland PLA2 was sensitive to the site-specific inhibitor, oleyloxyethylphosphorylcholine and stable to freezing at –80°C, but not –20°C. The biological significance of this enzyme may relate to hydrolysis of fatty acid moieties from dietary PLs for absorption by midgut epithelia. This salivary gland enzyme may also be responsible for killing food-borne bacteria

ELT teachers working in underprivileged districts of Turkey and their perspective of continuous professional development opportunities

The purpose of this research is to enquire the ELT teachers’ perspective of continuous professional development under restricted conditions they are obliged to teach English. Therefore, 20 EFL teachers who have been working at different state schools in the remote villages of southeast region of Turkey were selected as the participants of the inquiry. The data were collected in two different processes. First, all the teachers in the study were interviewed to answer the questions in the first part of the survey individually. Then, randomly selected 12 teachers were separated into two groups for online focus-group discussions, which were held in a semi-structured context by leading questions adapted from Brown (2013). Data collection processes were audio-recorded, and the qualitative data obtained from interviews and focus group discussions were coded and clustered to form specific themes. The results of the research revealed that teachers working in underprivileged districts of Turkey: (a) believe the crucial contribution of professional development activities for teacher quality and/or student achievement (b) have very limited opportunities and options for sustained professional development, and (c) think that the times allocated for professional development activities should be increased. Moreover, teachers these teachers (d) hope to take place in the planning phase of professional development activities, and (e) are dissatisfied with unfair financial situation. Upon the analysis of these items stated in the results, male teachers were found to focus on more general ideas compared to female teachers (item a and item b). On the other hand, the results indicated that female teachers focused on specific ideas statistically more often compared to male teachers (item c and item d). The teachers did not show statistical gender difference in terms of financial limitations (item e). The results of the research might be generalized to the similar contexts in other underprivileged districts, and similar researches might be conducted with teachers of other fields in order to reach results that are more generalizable

Hardal uçucu yağı ve ana bileşiğinin tek başına ve değiştirilmiş atmosfer uygulamaları ile kombinasyonun Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)'a karşı fümigant etkisi]

This study was carried out in 2017 in Entomology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University to determine fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound (allyl isothiocyanate) alone and in combination with high concentration (92%) of CO2 or N2 to all life stages of Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was determined. Preliminary bioassay tests indicated that 10 µl/l of mustard essential oil and allyl isothiocyanate alone resulted in 100% mortality for all life stages of T. confusum without any necessity of CO2 and N2 combinations. Lethal concentration tests indicated that combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO2 produced 1.8 to 7.3 times reductions in LC90 values for larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum. Generally, the combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO2 were more toxic to larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum than those in combinations with 92% N2 as evidenced by significant decrements in their LC50 and LC90 values. It appears that high concentration of CO2 or N2 might have a synergistic effect on larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum when exposed together with mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate. In conclusion, this study indicates that combinations of mustard essential oil or its main compound, allyl isothiocyanate with modified atmospheres can be a potential alternative to the most commonly used commercial fumigants, methyl bromide and phosphine. © 2019 Entomological Society of Turkey. All rights reserved

Lethal effect of Turkish diatomaceous earth (Bgn-1 ) agaınst adults of German cockroaches (Blatella germanıca L.): Presentation

In this study, mortality effects of BGN-1 which is local diatomaceous earths, were investigated against adults of German cockroach (Blatella gemanica (L.)) on concrete, ceramic floor tile and laminate flooring. On these three different surfaces, B. germanica adults were exposed to BGN-1 diatomaceous earth at the doses of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 g/m2 along 6 days. In all surface applications of BGN-1 diatomaceous earth, exposure time and dose caused significant effect on mortality rates of B. germanica adults. It was determined that BGN-1 coded Turkish diatomaceous earth has the lowest mortality effect on all application surfaces at the dose of 2.5 g/m2. 2.5 g/m2 BGN-1 caused 100 % mortality after 6 days concrete surface and caused 100 % mortality at the end of the fourth day on ceramic floor tile and laminate flooring. On the other hand, doses of 5 and 10 g/m2 of BGN-1 caused 100% B. germanica mortality on all surfaces at the end of the second day, while the highest dose of 20 g /m2 of BGN-1 reached 100% B. germanica mortality at the end of the first day on all application surfaces. In general, the mortality activity of BGN-1 diatomites against B. germanica adults was found to be similar on all three surfaces. At the end of this study, local diatomaceous earth coded BGN-1 was found to be good alternatives for controlling B. germanica which is a medical pest insect

Naturally existing Beauveria on the surface of stored wheat kernels, and their pathogenicity on Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae adults: Poster

Entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated to control stored product pests, as an alternative strategy to chemical insecticides. Although many studies evaluated isolates from various sources, few studies surveyed fungi naturally infecting stored product pests, revealing predominantly Beauveria isolates. This study aimed to reveal the amount of Beauveria carried on the surface of stored wheat kernels, and their pathogenicity against Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae adults. Sixteen wheat samples from different storage facilities in four cities were examined for existence of Beauveria. One-hundred g of wheat was washed in 100 mL of 2% Tween80 solution. After increasing concentration of possible fungi by centrifugation, the liquid was spread on medium with dodine and monitored at 25±2°C. Nine of the isolates were tested for pathogenicity at 500 ppm (w/w) at 25±2°C, 65±5% r.h. in darkness with five replicates. While only four samples did not have Beauveria, others had 17-2992 cfu/100 g wheat. Six samples had 17-50, four samples 150-858, one sample 1625 and one had 2992 cfu/100 g wheat. Mortalities against R. dominica adults ranged between 5-86% and 32-100% in 7 and 14 days, respectively. Mortality of S. oryzae ranged from 3-45% and 8-83% in 7 and 14 days, respectively. This study demonstrated that wheat kernels can naturally carry Beauveria with various levels of pathogenicity. Potential naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi can be isolated directly from stored commodities to be evaluated as biological control agents for stored product pest control.Entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated to control stored product pests, as an alternative strategy to chemical insecticides. Although many studies evaluated isolates from various sources, few studies surveyed fungi naturally infecting stored product pests, revealing predominantly Beauveria isolates. This study aimed to reveal the amount of Beauveria carried on the surface of stored wheat kernels, and their pathogenicity against Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae adults. Sixteen wheat samples from different storage facilities in four cities were examined for existence of Beauveria. One-hundred g of wheat was washed in 100 mL of 2% Tween80 solution. After increasing concentration of possible fungi by centrifugation, the liquid was spread on medium with dodine and monitored at 25±2°C. Nine of the isolates were tested for pathogenicity at 500 ppm (w/w) at 25±2°C, 65±5% r.h. in darkness with five replicates. While only four samples did not have Beauveria, others had 17-2992 cfu/100 g wheat. Six samples had 17-50, four samples 150-858, one sample 1625 and one had 2992 cfu/100 g wheat. Mortalities against R. dominica adults ranged between 5-86% and 32-100% in 7 and 14 days, respectively. Mortality of S. oryzae ranged from 3-45% and 8-83% in 7 and 14 days, respectively. This study demonstrated that wheat kernels can naturally carry Beauveria with various levels of pathogenicity. Potential naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi can be isolated directly from stored commodities to be evaluated as biological control agents for stored product pest control

Efficiency of ozone gas treatment against Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) (Indianmeal Moth) in hazelnut: Poster

In this study, ozone gas at different concentrations (16.7, 33.3 and 66.6 mg/L) were exposed to all biological stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) placed at top and bottom of the hazelnut for various exposure periods (2, 4 and 6 hours). In biological tests conducted in presence of hazelnuts, 100% mortalities of all biological stages of P. interpunctella placed at top of the commodity were obtained at tested ozone concentrations and exposure periods while it was easier to kill the adult and pupa stages that the larva and egg stages. While it was possible to kill 100% of the adults and pupae placed at bottom of the commodity at tested ozone concentrations and exposure periods, 100% mortality of the larvae and eggs were not obtained at any of the ozone treatments. Generally, the mortalities of all life stages of P. interpunctella placed at bottom of the commodity for ozone treatments were lower than those placed at top of the commodity. It was easy to kill the pupae and adults of P. interpunctella placed at bottom of the commodity while the ozone treatments resulted in low mortalities of the egg and larvae placed at bottom of the commodity. Just as 100% mortalities of the larva and adult stages were not obtained even at the highest ozone concentration for the longest exposure period. In conclusion, in this study, it was observed that ozone gas only at high concentrations can control all biological stages of P. interpunctella in hazelnut and therefore could have an alternative potential for methyl bromide in quarantine applications in short application period.In this study, ozone gas at different concentrations (16.7, 33.3 and 66.6 mg/L) were exposed to all biological stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) placed at top and bottom of the hazelnut for various exposure periods (2, 4 and 6 hours). In biological tests conducted in presence of hazelnuts, 100% mortalities of all biological stages of P. interpunctella placed at top of the commodity were obtained at tested ozone concentrations and exposure periods while it was easier to kill the adult and pupa stages that the larva and egg stages. While it was possible to kill 100% of the adults and pupae placed at bottom of the commodity at tested ozone concentrations and exposure periods, 100% mortality of the larvae and eggs were not obtained at any of the ozone treatments. Generally, the mortalities of all life stages of P. interpunctella placed at bottom of the commodity for ozone treatments were lower than those placed at top of the commodity. It was easy to kill the pupae and adults of P. interpunctella placed at bottom of the commodity while the ozone treatments resulted in low mortalities of the egg and larvae placed at bottom of the commodity. Just as 100% mortalities of the larva and adult stages were not obtained even at the highest ozone concentration for the longest exposure period. In conclusion, in this study, it was observed that ozone gas only at high concentrations can control all biological stages of P. interpunctella in hazelnut and therefore could have an alternative potential for methyl bromide in quarantine applications in short application period

Preliminary Checking of Some Turkish Diatomaceous Earth Similarities with Commercial Diatomaceous Earths under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Diatoms are dead bodies of unicellular algae’s and made up of fossilized diatoms in aquatic ecosystems. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a dust varying in color depending on composition, from white-grey to yellow to red and active ingredient is amorphous silicon dioxide. DEs are commonly used for purification of water, the purification of juices, separation of various oils and chemicals and also used as an insecticide. Mode of action as insecticide which damage occurs to the insects protective wax coat on the cuticle, mostly by sorption and to a lesser degree by abrasion, or both. The result is the loss of water from the insect's body through desiccation resulting in death. The efficacy of DE against insects depends on different physical and morphological characteristics of the diatoms. In present study, image properties of 10 different Turkish DE samples under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were checked and compared similarities with commercial DEs, namely Protector, SilicoSec, Insecto and Pyrisec. SEM image analysis indicated that there were variations in shape and size of dead bodies of diatoms in Turkish and commercial DEs. The shapes of dead bodies of diatoms in Turkish local DE’s named as CBN and BGN were found very similar with those in commercial DE, Silicosec. Local DE coded as DC has a round shape and looks similar to commercial DE of Pyrisec while local DE coded as CAN has triangle shape and its shape was different from those of all other DE samples