312 research outputs found
Pion Leptonic Decays and Supersymmetry
We compute supersymmetric contributions to pion leptonic (\pi_{l2}) decays in
the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). When R-parity is conserved,
the largest contributions to the ratio R_{e/\mu} = \Gamma[ \pi^+ \to e^+
\nu_e(\gamma)]/\Gamma[ \pi^+ \to \mu^+ \nu_\mu(\gamma)] arise from one-loop
(V-A)x(V-A) corrections. These contributions can be potentially as large as the
sensitivities of upcoming experiments; if measured, they would imply
significant bounds on the chargino and slepton sectors complementary to current
collider limits. We also analyze R-parity violating interactions, which may
produce a detectable deviation in R_{e/\mu} while remaining consistent with all
other precision observables.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures; included additional electroweak constraints in
analysis, simplified abstract, ref. adde
Lepton-mediated electroweak baryogenesis
We investigate the impact of the tau and bottom Yukawa couplings on the
transport dynamics for electroweak baryogenesis in supersymmetric extensions of
the Standard Model. Although it has generally been assumed in the literature
that all Yukawa interactions except those involving the top quark are
negligible, we find that the tau and bottom Yukawa interaction rates are too
fast to be neglected. We identify an illustrative "lepton-mediated electroweak
baryogenesis" scenario in which the baryon asymmetry is induced mainly through
the presence of a left-handed leptonic charge. We derive analytic formulae for
the computation of the baryon asymmetry that, in light of these effects, are
qualitatively different from those in the established literature. In this
scenario, for fixed CP-violating phases, the baryon asymmetry has opposite sign
compared to that calculated using established formulae.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figure
Isolation and optimization of the production of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteriophage from environmental samples
Staphylococcus epidermidis is now among the most important nosocomial pathogenic agents owing its virulence to the adhesion and biofilm-forming abilities on medical surfaces, such as catheters. Biofilm control by antibiotics is often innefective and new strategies of biofilm control are being sought. One promising strategy is the use of bacteria-specific virus, known as bacteriophages, to control infections by pathogenic bacteria. Bacteriophages, also know as phages, have been suggested to be one of the most abundant biological agents on the planet. Phages are currently suggested as possible alternatives to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases in humans to minimize the pathogen loads in medical devices . The goal of this study was to isolate new phages with potential bactericidal activity against S. epidermidis clinical isolates.
Bacteriophages were isolated from an effluent from Waste Water Treatment Plants or from Hospital efluents, using a set of 40 bacterial strains as background. Five phages were isolated but when determining the phage titer the achieved concentration was around 10E5 pfu/ml and this titer was reduced 1 fold in two week‘s time.
In order to increase the concentration of bacteriophages, since the obtained concentration was not sufficient to use in biofilm assays, severall optimization steps were performed, using previous described isolation protocols, namelly: using different concentrations of CaCl2, using different concentrations of top agar, using different buffers, and using different phage filtration systems.
For the optimization protocols we selected the bacteriophage with the higher titters and found that an optimized protocol was achieved by using Tris Buffer, Top Agar at 0.4%, and purification with CsCl2 gradient (q = 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7) with ultracentrifugation at 100,000g for 1 h at 4⁰C. This phage titter was determined to be around 10E8-10E9 pfu/ml.
The optimized produced phage was then characterized by determining the lytic spectrum. The phage was able to lyse 13 strains, and of these strains 10 had the biofilms genes present. Finally, the 10 selected strains were tested for biofilm formation, using the microtiter assay, and it was confirmed that they formed biofilms in TSB supplemented with 1% glucose.
For future work; we need to determine if we have lytic or temperate phages with DNA sequence analyses and to test the Phage against to the Biofilm formation of relevant bacterial strains
Flavored Quantum Boltzmann Equations
We derive from first principles, using non-equilibrium field theory, the
quantum Boltzmann equations that describe the dynamics of flavor oscillations,
collisions, and a time-dependent mass matrix in the early universe. Working to
leading non-trivial order in ratios of relevant time scales, we study in detail
a toy model for weak scale baryogenesis: two scalar species that mix through a
slowly varying time-dependent and CP-violating mass matrix, and interact with a
thermal bath. This model clearly illustrates how the CP asymmetry arises
through coherent flavor oscillations in a non-trivial background. We solve the
Boltzmann equations numerically for the density matrices, investigating the
impact of collisions in various regimes.Comment: 41 pages, 7 figures. v2: references added, minor corrections and
clarification
Spectral up- and downshifting of Akhmediev breathers under wind forcing
We experimentally and numerically investigate the effect of wind forcing on
the spectral dynamics of Akhmediev breathers, a wave-type known to model the
modulation instability. We develop the wind model to the same order in
steepness as the higher order modifcation of the nonlinear Schroedinger
equation, also referred to as the Dysthe equation. This results in an
asymmetric wind term in the higher order, in addition to the leading order wind
forcing term. The derived model is in good agreement with laboratory
experiments within the range of the facility's length. We show that the leading
order forcing term amplifies all frequencies equally and therefore induces only
a broadening of the spectrum while the asymmetric higher order term in the
model enhances higher frequencies more than lower ones. Thus, the latter term
induces a permanent upshift of the spectral mean. On the other hand, in
contrast to the direct effect of wind forcing, wind can indirectly lead to
frequency downshifts, due to dissipative effects such as wave breaking, or
through amplification of the intrinsic spectral asymmetry of the Dysthe
equation. Furthermore, the definitions of the up- and downshift in terms of
peak- and mean frequencies, that are critical to relate our work to previous
results, are highlighted and discussed.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figure
Yukawa Interactions and Supersymmetric Electroweak Baryogenesis
We analyze the quantum transport equations for supersymmetric electroweak
baryogenesis including previously neglected bottom and tau Yukawa interactions
and show that they imply the presence of a previously unrecognized dependence
of the cosmic baryon asymmetry on the spectrum of third generation quark and
lepton superpartners. For fixed values of the CP-violating phases in the
supersymmetric theory, the baryon asymmetry can vary in both magnitude and sign
as a result of the squark and slepton mass dependence. For light, right-handed
top and bottom quark superpartners, the baryon number creation can be driven
primarily by interactions involving third generation leptons and their
superpartners.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
Nonlinear electron transport in normally pinched-off quantum wire
Nonlinear electron transport in normally pinched-off quantum wires was
studied. The wires were fabricated from AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures with
high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas by electron beam lithography and
following wet etching. At certain critical source-drain voltage the samples
exhibited a step rise of the conductance. The differential conductance of the
open wires was noticeably lower than e^2/h as far as only part of the
source-drain voltage dropped between source contact and saddle-point of the
potential relief along the wire. The latter limited the electron flow injected
to the wire. At high enough source-drain voltages the decrease of the
differential conductance due to the real space transfer of electrons from the
wire in GaAs to the doped AlGaAs layer was found. In this regime the sign of
differential magnetoconductance was changed with reversing the direction of the
current in the wire or the magnetic field, whet the magnetic field lies in the
heterostructure plane and is directed perpendicular to the current. The
dependence of the differential conductance on the magnetic field and its
direction indicated that the real space transfer events were mainly mediated by
the interface scattering.Comment: LaTeX 2e (epl.cls) 6 pages, 3 figure
Multiple superconducting ring ratchets for ultrasensitive detection of non-equilibrium noises
Magnetic quantum periodicity in the dc voltage is observed when asymmetric
rings are switched between superconducting and normal state by a noise or ac
current. This quantum effect is used for detection of a non-equilibrium noise
with the help of a system of 667 asymmetric aluminum rings of in
diameter connected in series. Any noise down to the equilibrium one can be
detected with the help of such system with enough great number of asymmetric
rings.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) Regulates Ribosomal Biogenesis in Drosophila Nucleoli
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), a nuclear protein, utilizes NAD to synthesize poly(AD-Pribose) (pADPr), resulting in both automodification and the modification of acceptor proteins. Substantial amounts of PARP1 and pADPr (up to 50%) are localized to the nucleolus, a subnuclear organelle known as a region for ribosome biogenesis and maturation. At present, the functional significance of PARP1 protein inside the nucleolus remains unclear. Using PARP1 mutants, we investigated the function of PARP1, pADPr, and PARP1-interacting proteins in the maintenance of nucleolus structure and functions. Our analysis shows that disruption of PARP1 enzymatic activity caused nucleolar disintegration and aberrant localization of nucleolar-specific proteins. Additionally, PARP1 mutants have increased accumulation of rRNA intermediates and a decrease in ribosome levels. Together, our data suggests that PARP1 enzymatic activity is required for targeting nucleolar proteins to the proximity of precursor rRNA; hence, PARP1 controls precursor rRNA processing, post-transcriptional modification, and pre-ribosome assembly. Based on these findings, we propose a model that explains how PARP1 activity impacts nucleolar functions and, consequently, ribosomal biogenesis
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