Evaluation of drug permeability methods recommended by health authorities

The oral route is the most preferred route for drug administration because of patient compliance. Following oral administration, a drug has to cross several biological barriers before reaching the systemic circulation by transcellular or paracellular transports. Oral drug absorption and bioavailability are influenced by the physicochemical, formulation and physiological variables. Oral absorption of drugs is controlled by dissolution from the dosage form, and permeability across the gastrointestinal membrane. Rate limiting step in absorption is the permeability for compounds with low permeability, and dissolution for compounds with low solubility. According to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)-based biowaiver guidance and European Medicines Agency (EMA) Guideline on the Investigation of Bioequivalence, permeability class of a drug substance can be determined using different methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methods in detail recommended by FDA and EMA for determination of permeability of drugs. We surveyed the literature as to the pros and cons of the methods recommended by the health authorities for assessment of permeability. In general, a single method is sufficient for determination of permeability. When a single method fails to demonstrate a permeability classification, two different methods may be used. [Med-Science 2020; 9(1.000): 261-4

Certain Developed Countries' School Manager Training Models And In The Light Of These Models Suggestions For Turkey'S School Manager Training

School managers are one of the most important elements of education systems. School managers are charge with to provide smooth functioning of educational activities in schools, the development of the school in all respects and students', teachers' and other staffs' satisfaction. Also they are in charge with guiding and supervising teachers during education activities. School managers are extremely important for carrying out schools' vision and mission. In this case, splendidly training school managers who have such an importance for education systems and bring them in equipment which is required for serving their school well enough have quite importance. Various countries of the World have their own school manager training models which are compatible with the countries' economical, cultural and social features and attuned to the requirements of time or trying to find an ideal model. In this study, certain developed countries' school manager models are examined and in the light of these models some beneficial suggestions are offered for developing Turkey's school manager training model. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Wo

Effect Of Particle Size And Surfactant On The Solubility, Permeability And Dissolution Characteristics Of Deferasirox

Deferasirox is an oral iron chelator used for the treatment of chronic iron overload in blood transfusions. Deferasirox is a BCS Class II drug with low solubility and high permeability. In the formulation development stage for BCS Class II compounds, one of the main approaches is solubility enhancement to achieve better dissolution profiles, increased bioavailability and in some cases, dose reduction. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of particle size and surfactant on the solubility, permeability and dissolution characteristics of deferasirox. Ball milling method was used to reduce the particle size of deferasirox. Pluronic F127 or sodium lauril sulfate (SLS) were selected as surfactants at different concentrations. The maximum increase in the solubility was obtained with 10% SLS at pH 1.2 (from 0.9 mu g/mL to 333.7 mu g/mL), and with 5% Pluronic F127 at pH 6.8 (from 46.8 mu g/mL to 334.2 mu g/mL). Dissolution studies revealed that time to dissolve 85% of deferasirox was decreased as a function of ball milling time and particle size. Permeability studies showed that, in 100 mu M concentration, deferasirox permeability was significantly enhanced by all concentrations of SLS (p0.05). All these results clearly demonstrated that surfactant addition to the formulations was effective for solubility enhancement of deferasirox, and surfactant type in optimized concentrations was very crucial. Particle size reduction can be used as a promising approach to improve dissolution, and hence bioavailability of deferasirox.WoSScopu

Evaluation of preparation methods for orally disintegrating tablets

Oral disintegrating tablets (ODT) are orally administered solid dosage forms commonly used in pediatric and geriatric patients with difficulty in swallowing. The lack of need for water during the use of ODTs is another advantage that increases patient compliance. Many methods are used for the production of ODTs such as direct compression (DC), freeze-drying (FD), spray drying, 3-D printing, melt granulation, phase transition process, molding, sublimation, mass extrusion, cotton candy process. Since the ODTs produced are aimed to disintegrate and dissolve rapidly, and consequently act quickly, the production method parameters need to be optimized in line with the critical product parameters. In this study, the most widely used manufacturing methods (especially DC and FD) for ODT and in vitro quality control tests of ODT are evaluated. [Med-Science 2020; 9(1.000): 265-9

The Importance Of Motivation Theories In Terms Of Education Systems

Due to the nature of organizations, every organization have certain goals that are need to be realized. It can be said that realization of organizational goals effectively, will be ensure easier by highly motivated individuals. Validity of this situation is acceptable for educational organizations that have an important goal as educating individuals who will shape the future of society. Therefore, to achieve the goals of educational organizations; motivation of education employees like inspectors, school administrators and especially teachers is a point to be considered. In this study which will be prepared using literature review, motivation theories take place on working life and scientific studies in educational field abut motivational theories will be mentioned. And in the light of these informations the importance of motivation theories in terms of education systems will be discussed. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Wo

Deferasirox in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia or sickle cell anemia: A large cohort real-life experience from Turkey (REACH-THEM)

Objectives To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of deferasirox therapy in a large observational cohort of children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and sickle cell anemia (SCA) in Turkey. Methods This was a multicenter, prospective cohort study including TDT and SCA patients aged 2-18 years with iron overload (>= 100 mL/kg of pRBC or a serum ferritin [SF] level >1000 mu g/L) receiving deferasirox. Patients were followed for up to 3 years according to standard practice. Results A total of 439 patients were evaluated (415 [94.5%] TDT, 143 [32.6%] between 2 and 6 years). Serum ferritin levels consistently and significantly decreased across 3 years of deferasirox therapy from a median of 1775.5 to 1250.5 mu g/L (P = 30 mg/kg/d (n = 120, -579.6 median reduction, P = 30 mg/kg/d) may be required to achieve iron balance