Changing an Unfavorable Employer Reputation: The Roles of Recruitment Message-Type and Familiarity with Employer

An unfavorable employer reputation can impair an organization’s ability to recruit job seekers. The present research employed a four-week longitudinal experimental design to investigate whether recruitment messages can positively change an existing unfavorable employer reputation. Two hundred and twenty-two (222) job seekers rated their perceptions of an organization before and after being randomly assigned to receive a series of high- or low-information recruitment messages. As expected, job seekers receiving high-information messages changed their perceptions more than job seekers who were exposed to low-information messages. In addition, job seekers’ initial familiarity with the employer was negatively related to change in their perceptions of employer reputation. Finally, there was some evidence that job seekers’ familiarity with the employer influenced the impact of different recruitment messages. Implications for research and practice are discussed

The science and management of sex verification in sport

The verification of gender eligibility in sporting competition poses a biological and management challenge for sports science and medicine, as well as for sporting authorities. It has been established that in most sporting events, the strength and power advantage possessed by males as a result of the virilising action of hormones such as testosterone produce significant advantages in performance. For this reason, males and females compete largely in separate gender categories. Controversies arise as a result of intersex conditions, where the classification of individuals into male or female is complex. The present review provides the historical context to the debate, identifying the origins of gender verification as a means to deter cheating. It describes how various testing methods have been attempted, including physical examinations of genitalia, molecular techniques including genetic screening, and complex multidisciplinary approaches including endocrinological, genetic and gynaecological examination. To date, none appear to have provided a satisfactory resolution to the problem, and appear instead to have unfairly discriminated against individuals as a result of inappropriate application of testing results. Sporting authorities have formulated position stands for the management of such cases, but there is not absolute agreement between them and little evidence to support whether intersex individuals should or should not be allowed to compete in female categories

What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success

ABSTRACT Elite sporting performance results from the combination of innumerable factors, which interact with one another in a poorly understood but complex manner to mould a talented athlete into a champion. Within the fi eld of sports science, elite performance is understood to be the result of both training and genetic factors. However, the extent to which champions are born or made is a question that remains one of considerable interest, since it has implications for talent identifi cation and management, as well as for how sporting federations allocate scarce resources towards the optimisation of high-performance programmes. The present review describes the contributions made by deliberate practice and genetic factors to the attainment of a high level of sporting performance. The authors conclude that although deliberate training and other environmental factors are critical for elite performance, they cannot by themselves produce an elite athlete. Rather, individual performance thresholds are determined by our genetic make-up, and training can be defi ned as the process by which genetic potential is realised. Although the specifi c details are currently unknown, the current scientifi c literature clearly indicates that both nurture and nature are involved in determining elite athletic performance. In conclusion, elite sporting performance is the result of the interaction between genetic and training factors, with the result that both talent identifi cation and management systems to facilitate optimal training are crucial to sporting success

The science and management of sex verification in sport

The verification of gender eligibility in sporting competition posesa biological and management challenge for sports science and medicine, as well as for sporting authorities. It has been established that in most sporting events, the strength and power advantage possessed by males as a result of the virilising action of hormones such as testosterone produce significant advantages in performance. For this reason, males and females compete largely in separate gender categories. Controversies arise as aresult of intersex conditions, where the classification of individuals into male or female is complex. The present review provides the historical context to the debate, identifying the origins of gender verification as a means to deter cheating. It describes how various testing methods have been attempted, including physical examinations of genitalia, molecular techniques including genetic screening, and complex multidisciplinary approaches including endocrinological, genetic and gynaecological examination. To date, none appear to have provided a satisfactory resolution to the problem, and appear instead to have unfairly discriminated against individuals as a result of inappropriate application of testing results. Sporting authorities have formulated position standsfor the management of such cases, but there is not absolute agreement between them and little evidence to support whether intersex individuals should or should not be allowed to compete in female categories

Disassociation between glomerular hyperfiltration and extracellular volume in diabetic rats

Disassociation between glomerular hyperfiltration and extracellular volume in diabetic rats. The relationship of the development of glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes to changes in extracellular fluid volume has not been previously examined. To accomplish this task, male Wistar rats were chronically cannulated in the bladder, femoral artery and vein. Control measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), extracellular fluid volume (ECF), and urinary sodium excretion were performed on two separate days prior to infusion of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body wt i.v.). After infusion of streptozotocin, the IDDM rats were separated into two groups: untreated IDDM group of rats and IDDM rats treated with insulin at doses sufficient to normalize blood glucose (Ultralente, 2 to 8 IU/day). A third group of normal non-diabetic rats served as time controls. Measurements of renal function occurred at 1, 4, 7, 11, and 15 days after infusion of streptozotocin. Blood glucose in the non-diabetic measurement period averaged 137 ± 30 mg/dl and increased from 412 ± 55 after 24 hours in the untreated diabetic rats to 533 ± 33 mg/dl after 15 days of IDDM. The time controls and the insulin-treated diabetic rats did not differ in blood glucose values at the time measurements were performed. Glomerular filtration rate increased from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 1.7 ± 0.1 ml/min/100g body wt by day 15 in the untreated diabetic rats with significant increases in GFR within 24 hours. GFR of both time controls and the insulin-treated IDDM rats did not significantly vary during the time of the study. The increase in GFR in the untreated IDDM group was associated with a concomitant increase in RPF. However, ECF decreased in both the insulin treated and untreated groups by one day after streptozotocin infusion and was less than control throughout the 15 day IDDM measurement period. Therefore, the data indicate that the development of hyperfiltration in IDDM is not caused by ECF expansion and cannot be temporally linked to changes in ECF

Neuromotor control during stair ambulation in individuals with patellofemoral osteoarthritis compared to asymptomatic controls

Patellofemoral OA is characterized by PF pain during activities that load a flexed knee. Stair stepping ability is frequently impaired, yet little is known of the muscular recruitment strategies utilized during this task. Altered recruitment strategies may provide targets for clinical interventions. We aimed to determine if people with PFOA ascend and descend stairs with different muscular recruitment strategies compared to similar aged healthy individuals.Twenty-two people with PFOA and 20 controls were recruited. Electromyographic recordings from gluteus maximus and medius, medial and lateral hamstrings, vastus medialis and lateralis, medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus were acquired during stair ascent and descent. Force plate data was acquired to determine timing of foot placements and characterize dynamic stability.Seventeen people with PFOA (59 ± 10 years, 73 ± 13 kg, 167 ± 9 cm) and 15 controls (57 ± 10 years, 73 ± 16 kg, 171 ± 11 cm) had complete data. People with PFOA demonstrated: longer vastii activation duration during descent (lateralis: p = 0.01; medialis: p = 0.02); earlier onset of vastus lateralis for ascent (p

Formation of X-Ray Cavities by the Magnetically Dominated Jet-Lobe System in a Galaxy Cluster

We present cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the formation of a galaxy cluster with magnetic energy feedback from an active galactic nuclei (AGN). We demonstrate that X-ray cavities can be produced by the magnetically dominated jet-lobe system that is supported by a central axial current. The cavities are magnetically dominated and their morphology is determined jointedly by the magnetic fields and the background cluster pressure profile. The expansion and motion of the cavities are driven initially by the Lorentz force of the magnetic fields, and the cavities only become buoyant at late stages ($> 500$ Myr). We find that up to $80$ of the injected magnetic energy goes into doing work against the hot cluster medium, heating it, and lifting it in the cluster potential.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, minor correction

Loose Groups of Galaxies in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey

A ``friends-of-friends'' percolation algorithm has been used to extract a catalogue of dn/n = 80 density enhancements (groups) from the six slices of the Las Campanas Redshift Survey (LCRS). The full catalogue contains 1495 groups and includes 35% of the LCRS galaxy sample. A clean sample of 394 groups has been derived by culling groups from the full sample which either are too close to a slice edge, have a crossing time greater than a Hubble time, have a corrected velocity dispersion of zero, or contain a 55-arcsec ``orphan'' (a galaxy with a mock redshift which was excluded from the original LCRS redshift catalogue due to its proximity to another galaxy -- i.e., within 55 arcsec). Median properties derived from the clean sample include: line-of-sight velocity dispersion sigma_los = 164km/s, crossing time t_cr = 0.10/H_0, harmonic radius R_h = 0.58/h Mpc, pairwise separation R_p = 0.64/h Mpc, virial mass M_vir = (1.90x10^13)/h M_sun, total group R-band luminosity L_tot = (1.30x10^11)/h^2 L_sun, and R-band mass-to-light ratio M/L = 171h M_sun/L_sun; the median number of observed members in a group is 3.Comment: 32 pages of text, 27 figures, 7 tables. Figures 1, 4, 6, 7, and 8 are in gif format. Tables 1 and 3 are in plain ASCII format (in paper source) and are also available at http://www-sdss.fnal.gov:8000/~dtucker/LCLG . Accepted for publication in the September 2000 issue of ApJ