PENGARUH BUDAYA BERWIRAUSAHA DAN PENDIDIKAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN TERHADAP NIAT BERWIRAUSAHA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS BISNIS DAN EKONOMIKA UNIVERSITAS SURABAYA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel budaya berwirausaha (perceived appropriateness, perceived consistence, dan perceived effectiveness) serta pendidikan kewirausahaan sebagai variabel independen terhadap niat berwirausaha sebagai variabel dependen pada mahasiswa Fakultas Bisnis dan Ekonomika Universitas Surabaya. Penelitian kuantitatif ini menggunakan desain survei cross-sectional dengan skala Likert pada aras interval. Kuesioner dalam penelitian ini telah teruji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Uji hipotesis pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 238. Hasil temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keempat variabel independen berpengaruh signifikan terhadap variabel dependen. Variabel perceived appropriateness, perceived consistence, dan perceived effectiveness, yang ketiganya merupakan aspek dari budaya berwirausaha, berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap variabel niat berwirausaha; sementara variabel pendidikan kewirausahaan pada penelitian ini memberi pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap variabel niat berwirausaha.&nbsp

A split and delay unit for the European XFEL

For the European XFEL [1] an x ray split and delay unit SDU is built covering photon energies from 5 keV up to 20 keV [2]. This SDU will enable time resolved x ray pump x ray probe experiments as well as sequential diffractive imaging [3] on a femtosecond to picosecond time scale. Further, direct measurements of the temporal coherence properties will be possible by making use of a linear autocorrelation. The set up is based on geometric wavefront beam splitting, which has successfully been implemented at an autocorrelator at FLASH [4]. The x ray FEL pulses will be split by a sharp edge of a silicon mirror coated with Mo B4C multi layers. Both partial beams will then pass variable delay lines. For different wavelengths the angle of incidence onto the multilayer mirrors will be adjusted in order to match the Bragg condition. For a photon energy of h 20 keV a grazing angle of 0.57 has to be set, which results in a footprint of the beam on the mirror of l 120 mm. At this photon energy the reflectance of a Mo B4 C multi layer coating with a multi layer period of d 3.2 nm and N 200 layers amounts to R 0.92. In order to enhance the maximum transmission for photon energies of h 8 keV and below, a Ni B4C multilayer coating can be applied beside the Mo B4C coating for this spectral region. Because of the different incidence angles, the path lengths of the beams will differ as a function of wavelength. Hence, maximum delays between 2.5 ps at h 20 keV and up to 23 ps at h 5 keV will be possibl

Farewell, welfare state – hello, welfare regions? Chances and constraints of welfare management in the German federal system

The German welfare state is in crisis. Alarming long-term demographic trends, the still not fully digested consequences of German unification and the current economic downturn in much of the Eurozone have combined to create an urgent need for welfare reform. Yet the constitutional arrangements which govern the German political system, and well-entrenched political practice, mean that any such reform process is a daunting challenge. Thus, the welfare crisis is also a crisis of German-style co-operative federalism. Current empirical evidence makes for uncomfortable reading, and triggers debate on the nature of the German federation: have the two constitutional principles of federalism and establishing equal living conditions throughout the federation become mutually exclusive? However, as much of the welfare state is centred on the best utilisation of scarce financial resources, it is debatable to what extent alterations in the functional distribution of welfare responsibilities among the territorial levels of government can be regarded as a solution for the current problems. The article concludes that in the search for long-term sustainability of the welfare state the territorial dimension is likely to remain a secondary issue

EFS shows biallelic methylation in uveal melanoma with poor prognosis as well as tissue-specific methylation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare eye tumor. There are two classes of UM, which can be discriminated by the chromosome 3 status or global mRNA expression profile. Metastatic progression is predominantly originated from class II tumors or from tumors showing loss of an entire chromosome 3 (monosomy 3). We performed detailed <it>EFS </it>(<it>embryonal Fyn-associated substrate</it>) methylation analyses in UM, cultured uveal melanocytes and normal tissues, to explore the role of the differentially methylated <it>EFS </it>promoter region CpG island in tumor classification and metastatic progression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>EFS </it>methylation was determined by direct sequencing of PCR products from bisulfite-treated DNA or by sequence analysis of individual cloned PCR products. The results were associated with clinical features of tumors and tumor-related death of patients.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Analysis of 16 UM showed full methylation of the <it>EFS </it>CpG island in 8 (50%), no methylation in 5 (31%) and partial methylation in 3 (19%) tumors. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a higher risk of metastatic progression for tumors with <it>EFS </it>methylation (p = 0.02). This correlation was confirmed in an independent set of 24 randomly chosen tumors. Notably, only UM with <it>EFS </it>methylation gave rise to metastases. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation of <it>EFS </it>mRNA expression with <it>EFS </it>methylation in UM. We further found that <it>EFS </it>methylation is tissue-specific with full methylation in peripheral blood cells, and no methylation in sperm, cultured primary fibroblasts and fetal muscle, kidney and brain. Adult brain samples, cultured melanocytes from the uveal tract, fetal liver and 3 of 4 buccal swab samples showed partial methylation. <it>EFS </it>methylation always affects both alleles in normal and tumor samples.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Biallelic <it>EFS </it>methylation is likely to be the result of a site-directed methylation mechanism. Based on partial methylation as observed in cultured melanocytes we hypothesize that there might be methylated and unmethylated precursor cells located in the uveal tract. The <it>EFS </it>methylation of a UM may depend on which type of precursor cell the tumor originated from.</p

The Speed of Sound in Methane under Conditions of the Thermal Boundary Layer of Uranus

We present the first direct observations of acoustic waves in warm dense matter. We analyze wavenumber- and energy-resolved X-ray spectra taken from warm dense methane created by laser-heating a cryogenic liquid jet. X-ray diffraction and inelastic free electron scattering yield sample conditions of 0.3$\pm$0.1 eV and 0.8$\pm$0.1 g/cm$^3$, corresponding to a pressure of $\sim$13 GPa and matching the conditions predicted in the thermal boundary layer between the inner and outer envelope of Uranus. Inelastic X-ray scattering was used to observe the collective oscillations of the ions. With a highly improved energy resolution of $\sim$50 meV, we could clearly distinguish the Brillouin peaks from the quasi-elastic Rayleigh feature. Data at different wavenumbers were used to obtain a sound speed of 5.9$\pm$0.5 km/s, which enabled us to validate the use of Birch's law in this new parameter regime.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures with supplementary informatio

Integrative Genome Comparison of Primary and Metastatic Melanomas

A cardinal feature of malignant melanoma is its metastatic propensity. An incomplete view of the genetic events driving metastatic progression has been a major barrier to rational development of effective therapeutics and prognostic diagnostics for melanoma patients. In this study, we conducted global genomic characterization of primary and metastatic melanomas to examine the genomic landscape associated with metastatic progression. In addition to uncovering three genomic subclasses of metastastic melanomas, we delineated 39 focal and recurrent regions of amplification and deletions, many of which encompassed resident genes that have not been implicated in cancer or metastasis. To identify progression-associated metastasis gene candidates, we applied a statistical approach, Integrative Genome Comparison (IGC), to define 32 genomic regions of interest that were significantly altered in metastatic relative to primary melanomas, encompassing 30 resident genes with statistically significant expression deregulation. Functional assays on a subset of these candidates, including MET, ASPM, AKAP9, IMP3, PRKCA, RPA3, and SCAP2, validated their pro-invasion activities in human melanoma cells. Validity of the IGC approach was further reinforced by tissue microarray analysis of Survivin showing significant increased protein expression in thick versus thin primary cutaneous melanomas, and a progression correlation with lymph node metastases. Together, these functional validation results and correlative analysis of human tissues support the thesis that integrated genomic and pathological analyses of staged melanomas provide a productive entry point for discovery of melanoma metastases genes

The CHEOPS mission

The CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) was selected in 2012, as the first small mission in the ESA Science Programme and successfully launched in December 2019. CHEOPS is a partnership between ESA and Switzerland with important contributions by ten additional ESA Member States. CHEOPS is the first mission dedicated to search for transits of exoplanets using ultrahigh precision photometry on bright stars already known to host planets. As a follow-up mission, CHEOPS is mainly dedicated to improving, whenever possible, existing radii measurements or provide first accurate measurements for a subset of those planets for which the mass has already been estimated from ground-based spectroscopic surveys and to following phase curves. CHEOPS will provide prime targets for future spectroscopic atmospheric characterisation. Requirements on the photometric precision and stability have been derived for stars with magnitudes ranging from 6 to 12 in the V band. In particular, CHEOPS shall be able to detect Earth-size planets transiting G5 dwarf stars in the magnitude range between 6 and 9 by achieving a photometric precision of 20 ppm in 6 hours of integration. For K stars in the magnitude range between 9 and 12, CHEOPS shall be able to detect transiting Neptune-size planets achieving a photometric precision of 85 ppm in 3 hours of integration. This is achieved by using a single, frame-transfer, back-illuminated CCD detector at the focal plane assembly of a 33.5 cm diameter telescope. The 280 kg spacecraft has a pointing accuracy of about 1 arcsec rms and orbits on a sun-synchronous dusk-dawn orbit at 700 km altitude. The nominal mission lifetime is 3.5 years. During this period, 20% of the observing time is available to the community through a yearly call and a discretionary time programme managed by ESA.Comment: Submitted to Experimental Astronom

A full transit of v 2 Lupi d and the search for an exomoon in its Hill sphere with CHEOPS

The planetary system around the naked-eye star v2 Lupi (HD 136352; TOI-2011) is composed of three exoplanets with masses of 4.7, 11.2, and 8.6 Earth masses (M⊕). The TESS and CHEOPS missions revealed that all three planets are transiting and have radii straddling the radius gap separating volatile-rich and volatile-poor super-earths. Only a partial transit of planet d had been covered so we re-observed an inferior conjunction of the long-period 8.6 M⊕ exoplanet v2 Lup d with the CHEOPS space telescope. We confirmed its transiting nature by covering its whole 9.1 h transit for the first time. We refined the planet transit ephemeris to P = 107.13610.0022+0.0019 days and Tc = 2459009.77590.0096+0.0101 BJDTDB, improving by ~40 times on the previously reported transit timing uncertainty. This refined ephemeris will enable further follow-up of this outstanding long-period transiting planet to search for atmospheric signatures or explore the planet s Hill sphere in search for an exomoon. In fact, the CHEOPS observations also cover the transit of a large fraction of the planet s Hill sphere, which is as large as the Earth s, opening the tantalising possibility of catching transiting exomoons. We conducted a search for exomoon signals in this single-epoch light curve but found no conclusive photometric signature of additional transiting bodies larger than Mars. Yet, only a sustained follow-up of v2 Lup d transits will warrant a comprehensive search for a moon around this outstanding exoplanet

Strahlenschutzmaßnahmen für den Betrieb des UHI-Laser am HED Instrument

Das High Energy Density Physics (im folgenden HED) Instrument, als eines der wissenschaftlichen Instrumente der European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (im folgenden European XFEL) Anlage, nutzt die Röntgen-Freie-Elektronen-Laserstrahlung (im folgenden FEL-Strahlung), welche in den Undulatoren der Anlage erzeugt wird. Diese Röntgenstrahlung und die sich daraus ergebenden baulichen und organisatorischen Maßnahmen zum Strahlenschutz sind Teil des Planfeststellungsbeschlusses für den European XFEL und sind nicht Bestandteil dieses Berichts. Während der Definition und Auslegung des HED Instruments, in der Aufbau-phase des European XFEL, entstand eine zusätzliche Anforderung, die den Einbau eines Ultrakurzpuls-Laser am HED Instrument erfordert. Leistungs-merkmal dieses zusätzlichen Lasers ist eine Spitzenleistung von 100 TW am Probenort bei einer Wiederholrate von bis zu 10 Hz. Dieser Laser soll für die Erzeugung extrem dichter Plasmen eingesetzt werden, welches mittels des Röntgen-FEL-Strahls untersucht werden soll. Diese Untersuchungen werden von der wissenschaftlichen Nutzergemeinde des HED Instruments als extrem wichtig eingestuft. Am HED Instrument werden insgesamt mehr als drei optische Lasersysteme zur Verfügung stehen. Aus in Kapitel 3 beschriebenen Gründen ist lediglich das UHI-Lasersystem (UHI: Ultra High Intensity) relevant, da lediglich dieses System Bremsstrahlung erzeugen kann. Der UHI-Laser, sowie dessen Betrieb, unterliegt nicht dem Planfeststellungs-beschluss für den European XFEL, sondern stellt eine zusätzliche Einrichtung im Verantwortungsbereich der European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser GmbH (im folgenden European XFEL GmbH) mit Sitz in Schenefeld dar