Lo studio della vittimologia nell’Arma dei Carabinieri

La centralità delle teorie criminologiche è stata per lungo tempo sbilanciata sullo studio di comportamenti antisociali, privilegiando il fascino dell’immagine cruenta e del suo autore alla figura della vittima e ai riflessi psicologici del reato sulla persona offesa. Dalla nascita della vittimologia, quale branca della criminologia, in parallelo con l’evoluzione socio-culturale-giuridica che ne è seguita -anche attraverso una crescente attività normativa, soprattutto a livello extracodicistico e ad alcuni interventi internazionali di rilievo- si è assistito ad una progressiva promozione ed elevazione del profilo della vittima a una “key figure” degna delle dovute garanzie legislative. Anche l’Arma dei Carabinieri si è inserita in questo nuovo contesto -facilitata peraltro dalla capillare architettura della sua struttura- partecipando insieme agli altri attori istituzionali del settore sicurezza a quella che è stata definita una “rivoluzione culturale” nell’approccio alla vittima del reato. Espressione di tale nuovo orientamento è il concetto di polizia di prossimità che, nato dall’idea di essere più vicini alla gente, cerca di colmare il gap esistente tra sicurezza reale e sicurezza percepita, sfruttando quel tradizionale patrimonio motivazionale che aiuta il Carabiniere ad essere primario interlocutore capace di ascoltare, aiutare ed indirizzare. La formazione di base e la specializzazione dei Carabinieri di ogni ordine e grado a questa nuova cultura nell’approccio alla vittima del reato viene pertanto avvertita dall’Istituzione come esigenza primaria, al fine di umanizzare e valorizzare la persona offesa che –spesso violentata nella sua privacy e nei suoi affetti personali- deve trovare di fronte a sé un chiaro e qualificato punto di riferimento, un cittadino che opera a favore di altri cittadini, un professionista capace di aiutare e sostenere. Résumé Pendant longtemps, la recherche en criminologie s’est concentrée sur l’étude des comportements déviants, en privilégiant l’image de l’acte cruel de l’auteur plutôt que de se focaliser sur la victime, en particulier sur les conséquences psychologiques du crime sur cette dernière. Depuis la naissance de la victimologie (branche de la criminologie) et l’intervention des grands noms de la victimologie, puis avec l’évolution socioculturelle et juridique sans cesse croissante, on a assisté à la prise en compte du profil de la victime comme étant un « élément clé » devant faire l’objet d’une attention accrue. L’Arme des Carabiniers (en raison notamment de sa dispersion sur tout le territoire) s’inscrit dans ce nouveau contexte, en participant avec les autres acteurs institutionnels de la sécurité à cette « révolution culturelle », qui se traduit par une meilleure prise en compte de la victime. Expression d’une nouvelle orientation majeure du service, le concept de police de proximité est né de l’idée de rendre l’Arme plus visible et plus proche des citoyens. Ainsi, l’action de proximité s’efforce de combattre un fort sentiment d’insécurité, en exploitant les valeurs du Carabinier, étant généralement le premier interlocuteur des personnes en détresse. Pour une meilleure satisfaction des attentes de la population, le développement d’une culture de l’accueil des victimes constitue une priorité pour l’Institution et fait l’objet d’une attention particulière dans la formation de base et continue de l’ensemble des militaires de l’Arme, tous grades confondus. La victime (souvent physiquement et moralement traumatisée) doit trouver en face d’elle un militaire, véritable professionnel chargé de son soutien et de son assistance, et toujours capable d’apporter des réponses empreintes d’humanité. Abstract The focal point of criminal theories has been, for some time now, uneven in regards to the study of anti-social behavior, because the tendency is to privilege the fascination of a cruel act and of its author rather than giving adequate consideration to the victim of crime and the psychological effects that crime produces on the person who has suffered an assault. Since victimology began as part of the criminology branch, along with the social-cultural-juridical evolution that followed (due also to the growth in rules and special laws that extend beyond the law code and to some very considerable international involvement), we have witnessed the progressive rise of the victim profile, to a “key figure”, worthy of the required legislative assurances. The expression of this new orientation can be found in the concept of “community policing”. This policy derives from the idea of getting closer to the community’s citizens and of filling the gap existing between actual security and sense of security felt. This is a result of having exploited the traditional motivational heritage that helps the Carabiniere Serviceman be a primary interlocutor experienced in listening, providing assistance and advising. The basic training and the skills of the Carabiniere Serviceman, of any social and military rank, for this new way of approaching a victim of crime is therefore perceived by the Institution, as an essential need in order to make the person who suffered an abuse, feel more human and more important, (often his/her privacy and family affection are violated) and bring him/her, to rely on a clear and qualified point of reference, who is a citizen that acts for other fellow citizens and in the same time, an expert capable of providing aid and support

Average fractional polarization of extragalactic sources at Planck frequencies

Recent detailed simulations have shown that an insufficiently accurate characterization of the contamination of unresolved polarized extragalactic sources can seriously bias measurements of the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum if the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r\sim 0.001,$ as predicted by models currently of special interest (e.g., Starobinsky's $R^2$ and Higgs inflation). This has motivated a reanalysis of the median polarization fraction of extragalactic sources (radio-loud AGNs and dusty galaxies) using data from the \textit{Planck} polarization maps. Our approach, exploiting the intensity distribution analysis, mitigates or overcomes the most delicate aspects of earlier analyses based on stacking techniques. By means of simulations, we have shown that the residual noise bias on the median polarization fraction, $\Pi_{\rm median}$, of extragalactic sources is generally \simlt 0.1\%. For radio sources, we have found $\Pi_{\rm median} \simeq 2.83\%$, with no significant dependence on either frequency or flux density, in good agreement with the earlier estimate and with high-sensitivity measurements in the frequency range 5--40\,GHz. No polarization signal is detected in the case of dusty galaxies, implying 90\% confidence upper limits of \Pi_{\rm dusty}\simlt 2.2\% at 353\,GHz and of \simlt 3.9\% at 217\,GHz. The contamination of CMB polarization maps by unresolved point sources is discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 7 tables; revised version. In press on Astronomy and Astrophysic

Automorphism groups and new constructions of maximum additive rank metric codes with restrictions

Let $d, n \in \mathbb{Z}^+$ such that $1\leq d \leq n$. A $d$-code $\mathcal{C} \subset \mathbb{F}_q^{n \times n}$ is a subset of order $n$ square matrices with the property that for all pairs of distinct elements in $\mathcal{C}$, the rank of their difference is greater than or equal to $d$. A $d$-code with as many as possible elements is called a maximum $d$-code. The integer $d$ is also called the minimum distance of the code. When $d<n$, a classical example of such an object is the so-called generalized Gabidulin code. There exist several classes of maximum $d$-codes made up respectively of symmetric, alternating and hermitian matrices. In this article we focus on such examples. Precisely, we determine their automorphism groups and solve the equivalence issue for them. Finally, we exhibit a maximum symmetric $2$-code which is not equivalent to the one with same parameters known so far

Spreads of PG(3,q)PG(3,q) and ovoids of polar spaces

To any spread S of PG(3,q) corresponds a family of locally hermitian ovoids of the Hermitian surface H(3, q^2), and conversely; if in addition S is a semifield spread, then each associated ovoid is a translation ovoid, and conversely. In this paper we calculate the translation group of the locally hermitian ovoids of H(3,q^2) arising from a given semifield spread, and we characterize the p-semiclassical ovoid constructed by Cossidente, Ebert, Marino and Siciliano as the only translation ovoid of H(3,q^2) whose translation group is abelian. If S is a spread of PG(3,q) and O(S) is one of the associated ovoids of H(3,q^2), then using the duality between H(3,q^2) and Q^-(5, q) , another spread of PG(3,q) , say S_1, can be constructed. On the other hand, using the Barlotti-Cofman representation of H(3,q^2), one more spread of a 3-dimensional projective space, say S_2, arises from the ovoid O(S). Lunardon has posed some questions on the relations among S, S_1 and S_2; here we prove that the three spreads are always isomorphic

Long-term seismometric monitoring of the two towers of Bologna (Italy): Modal frequencies identification and effects due to traffic induced vibrations

The rise of human activities and the constant increase of vehicles traffic in the cities, and in particular of heavy vehicles such as buses and trucks, causes continues ambient vibrations that can detrimentally affect the conservation of built artifacts, especially historical constructions. The effects of urban vibrations on buildings and monuments are far from being fully investigated. In general, peak levels of traffic-induced vibrations are rarely high enough to be the main cause of heavy structural damages. On the other hand, they contribute to the process of deterioration by adding extra stresses\u2014through fatigue damage accumulation occurring as a result of long periods of exposure to low levels of vibration\u2014or by contributing to soil densification\u2014which can lead to the settlement of building foundations. As such, the estimation of threshold levels above which traffic-induced vibrations may cause damages to monumental buildings requires specific studies including long-time monitoring campaigns. Data from experimental campaign can, indeed, be used to extract information on the variation of dynamic properties of buildings, thus providing valuable pieces of information for a complete knowledge to plan effective preservation interventions. The present work aims to identify the effects of traffic induced urban vibrations on the two Towers of Bologna, particularly prone to fatigue-related damages and close to a high transit of vehicles, through a preliminary analysis of data from several dynamic monitoring campaigns conducted during the last years

Blended structural optimization for wire-and-arc additively manufactured beams

Current manufacturing techniques in the construction sector are slow, expensive and constrained in terms of architectural shapes. In other manufacturing sectors (such as automotive and aerospace) the use of automated construction systems significantly improved the safety, speed, quality and complexity of products. To realize real-scale structural elements for construction applications without ideally any geometrical constraints either in size or shape, the most suitable manufacturing solution for metallic elements is a directed energy deposition (DED) process referred to as wire-and-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The main advantage of WAAM relies on the possibility to create new shapes and forms following the breakthrough design tools for modern architecture as algorithm-aided design. At the same time, the printed part ensures high structural performances with reduced material use with respect to the conventional solution. The study presents a new approach called “blended” structural optimization, which blends topology optimization with basic principles of structural design and manufacturing constraints proper of WAAM technology, towards the realization of new efficient structural elements. The approach is applied to the case study of a I-type stainless steel beam on a multi-storey frame building. The approach could pave the way towards an efficient use of WAAM process to produce a new generation of structurally optimized elements for construction, with a more conscious use of the optimization tools and an efficient application of metal 3D printing

The Garisenda Tower in Bologna: Effects of degradation of selenite basement on its static behaviour

The Garisenda tower in Bologna, a 48 m tall structure with a square base of 7.45 meters per side, is characterized by an overall out of plumb of 3.32m in the South-East direction. Its construction dates back to the XI century and, due to its impressive leaning, in 1350–1353 the original height of 60m was reduced to the 48m of the present day (Cavani 1903; Giordano 2000). The tower can be seen as partitioned in a lower portion, with walls composed by two external leaves of selenite stones filled with rubble conglomerate, and an upper portion where the external leaves are made of masonry bricks. Recent investigations have proved that selenite blocks of the basement have been altered as a result of (a) exposition to high temperatures during important fires, that took place at the end of XIV and XVII centuries, and possibly because of the presence of forges (that were demolished at the end of the XIX centuries) and (b) high level of humidity in the inner lower part of the tower. This process has produced a gradual local disintegration of the selenite stones, leading in some case to a reduction of the original 50 to 60 cm thickness by an amount of about 20 cm. The contribution submitted to this conference is aimed at clarifying this important aspect, linked to the ageing and damage of structural stones and the related consequences in terms of stress distribution and concentrations that could induce fracture propagation and sudden collapse of the tower basement

A HPC and Grid enabling framework for genetic linkage analysis of SNPs

Understanding the structure, function and development of the human genome is a key factor to improve the quality of life. In order to achieve this goal developing and using a modern ICT infrastructure is essential, and can exploit next generation High Performance Computing (HPC) systems beyond the Petaflop scale in a collaborative and efficient way. The genetic linkage analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers has recently become a very popular approach for genetic epidemiology and population studies, aiming to discover the genetic correlation in complex diseases. The high computational cost and memory requirements of the major algorithms proposed in the literature make analyses of medium/large data sets very hard on a single CPU. A Grid based facility has hence been set up upon a high-performance infrastructure, the EGEE Grid, in order to create a tool for achieving whole-genome linkage analysis

A HPC and Grid enabling framework for genetic linkage analysis of SNPs

Understanding the structure, function and development of the human genome is a key factor to improve the quality of life. In order to achieve this goal developing and using a modern ICT infrastructure is essential, and can exploit next generation High Performance Computing (HPC) systems beyond the Petaflop scale in a collaborative and efficient way. The genetic linkage analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers has recently become a very popular approach for genetic epidemiology and population studies, aiming to discover the genetic correlation in complex diseases. The high computational cost and memory requirements of the major algorithms proposed in the literature make analyses of medium/large data sets very hard on a single CPU. A Grid based facility has hence been set up upon a high-performance infrastructure, the EGEE Grid, in order to create a tool for achieving whole-genome linkage analysis

Comprehensive Review on the Dynamic and Seismic Behavior of Flat-Bottom Cylindrical Silos Filled With Granular Material

The seismic design of industrial flat-bottom ground-supported silos filled with granular material still presents several challenges to be addressed. They are related to the main aspects which differentiate silo structures containing granular material from other civil structural typologies: 1) the relatively low silo structure mass as compared to the ensiled content mass; 2) the granular nature of the ensiled material. Indeed, the internal actions in the structural members are governed by the complex dynamic interactions along the interfaces between granular content and silo wall or base, or even the internal interaction between particles. More in detail, even though the scientific interest in such complex interactions dates back to the middle of the 19th century, several issues are still unclear such as the dependency of the fundamental dynamic properties (period of vibration and damping ratio) on the characteristics of the dynamic excitation (intensity, frequency content, duration) or the amount of ensiled material mass activated during a seismic excitation and provoking extra pressures on the wall (effective mass). Therefore, most of current seismic code provisions for silos are grounded on rather approximate and simplified assumptions leading to often over-conservative evaluations. The present paper intends to provide a comprehensive summary of the mainly acknowledged experimental and theoretical advances in the dynamic and seismic behavior of silos, supporting the potential researcher in the field to understand the real differences between the code assumptions and recommendations and the actual conditions, as well as illustrating the open issues to be still further investigated