Factors Associated with Eye Examination Behavior in Pregnant Women at Gunungpati Community Health Center, Semarang

Background: Visual acuity disturbances are common complaints in pregnancy suggesting the presence of underlying diseases including diabetes, preeclampsia, or refractive eye disorder. Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina. Pregnancy may cause hemodynamic changes and structures of extracellular matrix and collagen sclera associated with the refractive status of the addition of myopia status. Then retinal detachment in high myopia results in permanent viscosity and blindness. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with eye examination behavior in pregnant women at Gunungpati community health center, Semarang. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Gunungpati community health center, Semarang, Central Java. A sample of 53 pregnant women was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was eye health examination behavior. The independent variables were gestational age, maternal education, knowledge, attitude, eye disorder, and refraction status. Refraction status was diagnosed by doctor using Snellen optotype. The other variables were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by chi square test. Results: Eye health examination behavior in pregnant women was positively associated withthe presence ofeye disorder (OR= 51.0; 95% CI= 7.32 to 355.13; p<0.001), higher education (OR= 1.70; 95% CI= 1.35 to 2.14; p=0.243), better knowledge (OR= 2.40; 95% CI= 1.14 to 40.93; p=0.534), positive attitude (OR= 2.68; 95% CI= 1.88 to 3.83; p=0.075), and the presence of refraction status (OR= 1.06; 95% CI= 0.99 to 1.14; p=0.724). Eye health examination behavior in pregnant women was negatively associated with gestational age (OR= 0.24; 95% CI= 0.01 to 4.25; p=0.299) Conclusion: Eye health examination behavior in pregnant women increases witheye disorder, education, knowledge, attitude, refraction status, and decreases by gestational age. Keywords: eye health examination, behavior, pregnant wome

Factors Associated with Maternal Knowledge about Eye Health in Pregnancy at Gunungpati Community Health Center, Semarang

Background: Pregnancy causes hemodynamic changes and extracellular matrix structures, collagen sclera associated with refractive status. The addition of refractive status to high retention rates in myopia may result in permanent viscosity and blindness. Pregnant women should be aware of this condition. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with maternal knowledge about eye health in pregnancy among pregnant women at Gunungpati community health center, Semarang. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional design conducted at Gunungpati community health center, Semarang, Central Java. A sample of 53 pregnant women was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was maternal knowledge about eye health in pregnancy. The independent variables were gestational age, maternal education, eye disorder, refraction status, history of eye examination, and informational exposure. The data were collected by questionnaire. Percent of good knowledge by the independent variable status (i.e. “exposed” and “non-exposed” groups) was compared to result in Prevalence Ratio, which was then tested by chi square. Results: 69.8% pregnant women had poor knowledge, 30.2% had good knowledge about eye health in pregnancy. None of the pregnant women received information of eye health in pregnancy from health personnel. Maternal knowledge about eye health in pregnancy was higher among pregnant women with high education (PR= 2.31; 95% CI= 1.60 to 3.35; p< 0.001), presence of refraction status (PR= 8.12; 95% CI= 6.42 to 10.28; p= 0.007), younger gestational age (PR= 0.43; 95% CI= 0.11 to 1.68; p= 0.215), absence of eye disorder (PR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.07 to 10.12; p= 0.903), and history of eye examination (PR= 1.17; 95% CI= 0.10 to 13.87; p= 0.903). Conclusion: Maternal knowledge about eye examination in pregnancy is associated with education, refraction status, gestational age, eye disorder, and eye examination. Keywords: eye examination, knowledge, refraction status, eye disorder, pregnant mothe

INHIBISI FRAKSI BIOAKTIF MAHKOTA DEWA (PHALERIA MACROCARPA) TOPIKAL TERHADAP EKSPRESI VEGF KORNEA TIKUS WISTAR PASCA TRAUMA BASA

Latar Belakang: Kornea merupakan jaringan mata yang bersifat transparan dan avaskuler, sifat tersebut diperlukan dalam fungsi penglihatan normal, dipertahankan oleh keseimbangan faktor angiogenik dan antiangiogenik. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) berperan dalam angiogenesis, terdapat peningkatan ekspresi VEGF pada neovaskularisasi kornea. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa fraksi bioaktif Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), DLBS1425, memiliki efek antiangiogenesis dengan cara menghambat ekspresi mRNA VEGF-C pada sel kanker payudara. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui efek antiangiogenesis DLBS1425 di bidang mata, dinilai dari ekspresi VEGF kornea tikus Wistar pasca trauma.Tujuan: Membuktikan DLBS1425 topikal berbagai konsentrasi memiliki efek terhadap ekspresi VEGF kornea tikus Wistar pasca trauma basa.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan true experimental post-test only design. Dua puluh empat ekor tikus Wistar mendapat paparan NaOH 1M dengan diameter 1 mm, dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok K diberi tetes Hyalub, kelompok P1 diberi tetes DLBS1425 konsentrasi 1 x 101 mg/ml, kelompok P2 diberi tetes DLBS1425 konsentrasi 1 x 100 mg/ml, kelompok P3 diberi tetes DLBS1425 konsentrasi 1 x 10-1 mg/ml. Setelah 7 hari, dinilai ekspresi VEGF kornea secara imunohistokimia. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis.Hasil Penelitian: Rerata ekspresi VEGF pada kelompok K=4,93, kelompok P1=4,33, kelompok P2=4,47, kelompok P3=4,77. Ekspresi VEGF kelompok perlakuan lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p=0,134).Kesimpulan: DLBS1425 topikal konsentrasi 1x10-1, 1x100 dan 1x101 memiliki efek terhadap ekspresi VEFG kornea tikus Wistar pasca trauma basa. Ekspresi VEGF pada kelompok perlakuan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Kata kunci: Phaleria macrocarpa, DLBS1425, VEGF, neovaskularisasi korne

THE INCREASE OF TOOTH ENAMEL SURFACE HARDNESS AFTER APPLICATION BLOOD COCKLE SHELLS (ANADARA GRANOSA) PASTE AS REMINERALIZATION AGENT

Objective: To determine the increase of tooth enamel surface hardness after application hydroxyapatite paste that was synthesized from blood cockle shells (Anadara granosa) as a remineralization agent. Methods: Laboratory experimental study using twenty-seven maxillary first premolar and randomly divided into 3 groups. All of the samples were immersed in the non-cola carbonated drink (2 min). Thereafter, samples in each group were treated (6 min) with application of blood cockle shells paste that has been synthesized (group 1), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate paste (GC Tooth Mousse®) (group 2) as a positive control, and stored in saline solution (NaCl) (group 3) as a negative control. Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) measurement was performed at baseline, after immersing in non-cola carbonated drink and after completing of the respective treatment. Results: Immersion in non-cola carbonated drink reduced the enamel surface hardness significantly. Significant re-hardening after treated occurred in group 1 and 2 also baseline hardness of both groups were achieved. But statistically no significant differences between group 1 and 2 in re-hardening enamel surface hardness (final hardness-hardness after immersion). Conclusion: Application of blood cockle shells paste as a remineralization agent could increase tooth enamel surface hardness which is nearly the same effective as CPP-ACP paste

The Characteristics of Eye Diseases at Merpati Eye Clinic Dr Kariadi Hospital Semarang in 2020-2022

Background: The COVID -19 pandemic that has occurred since 2020 has changed and affected all aspects of life. In health services, the pandemic has limited patients from coming to health facilities. Recording of ophthalmology cases in health facilities has an important role in providing information about eye health problems that often occur in the community to identify what are the main challenges faced in the field of eye care.Objective: This study aims to identify the characteristics of eye diseases at the Merpati Eye Polyclinic Dr Kariadi Hospital Semarang in 2020-2022.Methods: This study was a retrospective descriptive study. The clinical characteristic data (gender, age, diagnosis, and Clinic) are retrieved from the medical records of patients suffering from eye diseases who underwent treatment at the Merpati Eye Clinic, Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang and was diagnosed in 2020-2022. The data obtained were processed and analyzed using the google sheets program.Results: There were 2961 newly diagnosed patients with the 10 most diagnosed diseases are Refractive disorders (12,87%), Cataracts (11,21%), Glaucoma (10,40%), Diabetic Retinopathy (6,75%), Pseudophakia (5,30%), Papile Atrophy (5,10%), Retinal Vein Occlusion (4,22%), Corneal Ulcer (3,92%), Retinal Detachment (3,71%) and Uveitis (3,51%). Based on age category, the most patients were 51-60 years old (22,29%). Based on gender category, female gender (50,35%) is more than male (49,65%).Conclusion: Of all patients, the 10 most diagnosed diseases were Refractive Disorders, Cataracts, Glaucoma, Diabetic Retinopathy, Pseudophakia, Papillary Atrophy, Retinal Vein Occlusion, Corneal Ulcers, Retinal detachment and Uveitis

Association between Refractive Error and Decreasing Visus in Pregnant Women

Background: Refractive error is a problem with focusing light accurately onto the retina due to the shape of the eye. The most common types of refractive error are near-sightedness, far-sightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Visual impairment from uncorrected refractive errors can have immediate and long-term consequences in children and adults, such as lost educational and employment opportunities, lost economic gain for individuals, families and societies, and impaired quality of life. This study aimed to estimate the association between refractive error and decreasing visus in pregnant women. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Puskesmas (community health center) Gunung Pati, Semarang, Central Java. A sample of 76 pregnant women was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was visus (visual acuity). The independent variable was refractive error. The diagnosis of a refractive error is usually confirmed by an eye care professional during an eye examination using a large number of lenses of different optical powers, and often a retino scope. Visus was measured by Snellen optotype. The data were analyzed by chi square with prevalence ratio (PR) as the measure of association. Results: Refractive error was associated with decreasing visus in pregnant women (PR= 15.00; CI 95%= 4.33 to 52.02; p< 0.001). Conclusion: Refractive error is associated with decreasing visus in pregnant women. Keywords: refractive error, visus, pregnant wome

Design of spark ignition engine speed control using bat algorithm

The most common problem in spark ignition engine is how to increase the speed performance. Commonly researchers used traditional mathematical approaches for designing speed controller of spark ignition engine. However, this solution may not be sufficient. Hence, it is important to design the speed controller using smart methods. This paper proposes a method for designing speed controller of a spark ignition engine using the bat algorithm (BA). The simulation is carried out using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Time domain simulation is carried out to investigate the efficacy of the proposed method. From the simulation results, it is found that by designing speed controller of spark ignition engine using PI based bat algorithm, the speed performance of spark ignition engine can be enhanced both in no load condition and load condition compared to conventional PI controler

HUBUNGAN ANTARA INFEKSI CACING, STATUS GIZI, DAN KEJADIAN KEKURANGAN YODIUM PADA IBU HAMIL DI DAERAH GONDOK ENDEMIK (STUDI KASUS DI KECAMATAN KENDAL KABUPATEN NGAWI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR)

Latar Belakang: Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Yodium (GAKY) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang dapat menghambat peningkatan mutu sumber daya manusia Indonesia. Yodium merupakan unsur gizi kelumit (micronutrient) yang berguna dalam ! Proses pengembangan susunan syaraf pusat dan proses tumbuh kembang manusia. Pada *bu hamil, kecukupan Yodium mutlak diperlukan agar tidak muncul anak krettn, atau anak dengan kerusakan otak minimal. Adanya gangguan saluran cerna aeperti inflamasi ,atau infeksi lambung dan usus, infestasi cacing serta malabsorpsi akan mengganggu i)enyerapan Yodium oral, sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya GAKY pada ibu hamil. 1Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara infeksi cacing, status gizi, dan kejadian kekurangan Yodium yang diukur dari kadar Yodium urin ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik. Subjek dan Metode Penelitian: Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Kendal, Kabupaten Ngawi, Provinsi Jawa Timur, yang merupakan daerah gondok endemik. Sampel diambil secara simple random sampling, idengan kriteria inklusi wanita hamil yang bertempat tinggal minimal 1 tahun di kecamatan Kendal, Kabupaten Ngawi, Provinsi Jawa Timur, tidak menderita sakit hiperemesis gravidarum. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan analitik. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah Chi-square dengan taraf uji kepercayaan 95% (a=0,05). Hasa: Sebanyak 92,6% ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik tidak menderita infeksi cacing, 64,8% ibu hamil mempunyai status gizi yang bails dan 50% mengalami kekurangan Yodium dengan kadar urinary iodine excretion (UIE) kurang dari 100 mg/d1. Ada hubungan bermakna antara infeksi cacing dengan status gizi ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik, ada hubungan bermakna antara status gizi dengan kejadian kekurangan Yodium pada ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik, dan tidak ada hubungan bermakna antar infeksi cacing dengan kejadian kekurangan Yodium pada ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik. Kesimptdan: Status gizi ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik berhubungan dengan nfeksi cacing dan kejadian kekurangan Yodium, sedangkan kejadian kekurangan Yodium pada ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik tidak berhubungan dengan infeksi cacing

FAKTOR RISIKO KEKURANGAN PODIUM PADA IBU HAMIL DI DAERAH GONDOK ENDEMIK (STUDI KASUS DI KECAMATAN KENDAL KABUPATEN NGAWI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR)

Latar Belakaug: Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Yodium (GAKY) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang dapat menghambat peningkatan mutu sumber daya manusia Indonesia. Yodium merupakan unsur gizi kelumit (microrttarierii) yang berguna dalam proses pengembangan susunan syaraf pusat dan proses tumbuh kembang manusia. Pada ibu itamil, kecukupan Yodium mutlak diperlukan agar tidak muncul anak kretin, atau anak dengan kerusakan otak minimal. Prevalensi gondok berdasarkan Total Goiter Rale (TGR) wanita hamil biasanya lebih tinggi daripada anak sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian keklurangan yodium pada ibu hamil di daerah gondok endemik. Subyek dan Nletode Penelit.iaa: Penelitiad'ini adalah penelitian observasional dengan desain case control. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan di Kecamatan Kendal Kabupaten Ngawi Provinsi Jawa Timur, yang merupakan daerah gondok endemik berat dengan jumlah wanita hamil yang cukup besar. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan analitik.Uji yang digunakan adalah Chi-square dan menghitung odds ratio, Hasil: Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Perilaku ibu hamil yang mengalami kekurangan yodium terhadap garam beryodium cukup baik. Tetapi pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku terhadap kapsul minyak beryodium kurang baik Kesimpulan: Konsumsi kapsul minyak beryodium dalam 1 tahun terakhir, tingkat pengetahuan tentang kapsul minyak beryodium, sikap terhadap kapsul minyak beryodium, perilaku konsumsi kapsul minyak beryodium, kadar garam konsumsi, tingkat pengetahuan tentang garam beryodium, sikap terhadap garam beryodium, perilaku pemakaian gaiain konsumsi merupakan faktor risiko kekurangan yodium pada ibu hamil di dacrab gondok endemik