Anti Quorum Sensing Activity of Kayu Manis Leaves Extracts (Cinnamomun Burmannii Ness. Ex Bl.) Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Quorum sensing is a communication system among bacterial cells which correlates with biofilm formation. Biofilm can protect bacteria from environment including antibiotic of which can cause higher antibiotic concentration of 100 up to 1000 times. Inhibition of quorum sensing is expected to inhibit the biofilm formation. The cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. Ex Bl.) has been known to have antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Leaves are available abundantly which urges a research to find out the activity as anti quorum sensing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The succesive maceration of dried pulverized leaves produced hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. Antibacterial activity was observed by microdillution method with MTT assay. Afterwards, the active extract was examined for anti quorum sensing activity by diffusion method in cetrimide Agar. Quorum sensing activity was shown by dark zone (opaque) growth around sample application, observed under UV light of 366 nm. TLC bioautography method was done to observe the active spots by using silica gel F254 as the stationary phase, chloroform-methanol (6:1 v/v) as the mobile phase, loading sample used was 1.25 mg and 30 min of plate contact duration. The ethyl acetate extract inhibited growth of P. aeruginosa with shown by MIC at 8 µg/µL Quorum sensing as well as growth inhibition activities were observed at loading samples 12,5 and 25 mg/wells, while at 6,25 mg the extract only exhibited quorum sensing inhibition. Presences of substances having phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid and aldehyde/keton as functional groups were detected by TLC method of the extract but no active spot identified on bioautography

Relationship Marketing Sebagai Upaya Mempertahankan Loyalitas Pelanggan (Studi Kasus Ekspor Perusahaan Kerajinan Dona Doni Rattan Gallery Di Singosari-malang)

The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of Relationship Marketing in the craft company of Dona Doni Rattan Gallery as an effort to maintain customer loyalty in global market. Research method that used in this research was descriptive research with qualitative approach. Data source in this research was primary data by conducting interview to the related parties and secondary data from books, article, prior research, and also the other supporting data that has topic which related to the research.The result shows that the implementation of relationship marketing the craft company of Dona Doni Rattan Gallery in maintaining its customer loyalty was conducted by prioritizingcustomer satisfaction, communication effectiveness with customer, the achievement of collective goal that has mutual benefit for both, andpaying attention to the company service quality. The result, until this time, Craft Company of Dona Doni Rattan Gallery hascustomer that loyal to the craft product of Dona Doni Rattan Gallery. The customer was come from USA, Singapore, and Japan. Customer loyalty was showed by purchasing repeatedly since 2008 until now

Influence of Non-Markovian Dynamics in Thermal-Equilibrium Uncertainty-Relations

Contrary to the conventional wisdom that deviations from standard thermodynamics originate from the strong coupling to the bath, it is shown that in quantum mechanics, these deviations originate from the uncertainty principle and are supported by the non-Markovian character of the dynamics. Specifically, it is shown that the lower bound of the dispersion of the total energy of the system, imposed by the uncertainty principle, is dominated by the bath power spectrum and therefore, quantum mechanics inhibits the system thermal-equilibrium-state from being described by the canonical Boltzmann's distribution. We show that for a wide class of systems, systems interacting via central forces with pairwise-self-interacting environments, this general observation is in sharp contrast to the classical case, for which the thermal equilibrium distribution, irrespective of the interaction strength, is \emph{exactly} characterized by the canonical Boltzmann distribution and therefore, no dependence on the bath power spectrum is present. We define an \emph{effective coupling} to the environment that depends on all energy scales in the system and reservoir interaction. Sample computations in regimes predicted by this effective coupling are demonstrated. For example, for the case of strong effective coupling, deviations from standard thermodynamics are present and, for the case of weak effective coupling, quantum features such as stationary entanglement are possible at high temperatures.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Holographic Collisions in Non-conformal Theories

We numerically simulate gravitational shock wave collisions in a holographic model dual to a non-conformal four-dimensional gauge theory. We find two novel effects associated to the non-zero bulk viscosity of the resulting plasma. First, the hydrodynamization time increases. Second, if the bulk viscosity is large enough then the plasma becomes well described by hydrodynamics before the energy density and the average pressure begin to obey the equilibrium equation of state. We discuss implications for the quark-gluon plasma created in heavy ion collision experiments.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures; published versio

Automation on the generation of genome scale metabolic models

Background: Nowadays, the reconstruction of genome scale metabolic models is a non-automatized and interactive process based on decision taking. This lengthy process usually requires a full year of one person's work in order to satisfactory collect, analyze and validate the list of all metabolic reactions present in a specific organism. In order to write this list, one manually has to go through a huge amount of genomic, metabolomic and physiological information. Currently, there is no optimal algorithm that allows one to automatically go through all this information and generate the models taking into account probabilistic criteria of unicity and completeness that a biologist would consider. Results: This work presents the automation of a methodology for the reconstruction of genome scale metabolic models for any organism. The methodology that follows is the automatized version of the steps implemented manually for the reconstruction of the genome scale metabolic model of a photosynthetic organism, {\it Synechocystis sp. PCC6803}. The steps for the reconstruction are implemented in a computational platform (COPABI) that generates the models from the probabilistic algorithms that have been developed. Conclusions: For validation of the developed algorithm robustness, the metabolic models of several organisms generated by the platform have been studied together with published models that have been manually curated. Network properties of the models like connectivity and average shortest mean path of the different models have been compared and analyzed.Comment: 24 pages, 2 figures, 2 table

Hubungan antara Kompetensi Pedagogik dan Kinerja Guru di Kecamatan Girimulyo Kabupaten Kulon Progo

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : (1) untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kompetensi pedagogik dan kinerja guru. Populasi penelitian ini adalah guru SD di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dan Pendidikan Dasar Kecamatan Girimulyo Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Sampel penelitian diambil dengan teknik kelompok sampel, dengan sampel berjumlah 40 orang. Alat ukur yang digunakan, yaitu skala kompetensi pedagogik dan skala kinerja guru. Teknik analisa data menggunakan uji statistik korelasi product moment. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) ada hubungan yang signifikan dan positif antara kompetensi pedagogik guru dan kinerja guru SD di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Dan Pendidikan Dasar Kecamatan Girimulyo Kabupaten Kulon Progo