Predicting Students’ Physical Activity and Health-Related Well-Being: A Prospective Cross-Domain Investigation of Motivation Across School Physical Education and Exercise Settings \ud

A three-wave prospective design was used to assess a model of motivation guided by self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2008) spanning the contexts of school physical education (PE) and exercise. The outcome variables examined were health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical self-concept (PSC), and 4 days of objectively assessed estimates of activity. Secondary school students (n = 494) completed questionnaires at three separate time points and were familiarized with how to use a sealed pedometer. Results of structural equation modeling supported a model in which perceptions of autonomy support from a PE teacher positively predicted PE-related need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Competence predicted PSC, whereas relatedness predicted HRQoL. Autonomy and competence positively predicted autonomous motivation toward PE, which in turn positively predicted autonomous motivation toward exercise (i.e., 4-day pedometer step count). Autonomous motivation toward exercise positively predicted step count, HRQoL, and PSC. Results of multisample structural equation modeling supported gender invariance. Suggestions for future work are discussed.\ud \u

A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and heritable eating disorder characterized by dangerously low body weight. Neither candidate gene studies nor an initial genome wide association study (GWAS) have yielded significant and replicated results. We performed a GWAS in 2,907 cases with AN from 14 countries (15 sites) and 14,860 ancestrally matched controls as part of the Genetic Consortium for AN (GCAN) and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3 (WTCCC3). Individual association analyses were conducted in each stratum and meta-analyzed across all 15 discovery datasets. Seventy-six (72 independent) SNPs were taken forward for in silico (two datasets) or de novo (13 datasets) replication genotyping in 2,677 independent AN cases and 8,629 European ancestry controls along with 458 AN cases and 421 controls from Japan. The final global meta-analysis across discovery and replication datasets comprised 5,551 AN cases and 21,080 controls. AN subtype analyses (1,606 AN restricting; 1,445 AN binge-purge) were performed. No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two intronic variants were suggestively associated: rs9839776 (P=3.01×10−7) in SOX2OT and rs17030795 (P=5.84×10−6) in PPP3CA. Two additional signals were specific to Europeans: rs1523921 (P=5.76×10−6) between CUL3 and FAM124B and rs1886797 (P=8.05×10−6) near SPATA13. Comparing discovery to replication results, 76% of the effects were in the same direction, an observation highly unlikely to be due to chance (P= 4×10−6), strongly suggesting that true findings exist but that our sample, the largest yet reported, was underpowered for their detection. The accrual of large genotyped AN case-control samples should be an immediate priority for the field

Evacetrapib and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: The cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor evacetrapib substantially raises the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, reduces the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, and enhances cellular cholesterol efflux capacity. We sought to determine the effect of evacetrapib on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with high-risk vascular disease. METHODS: In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, we enrolled 12,092 patients who had at least one of the following conditions: an acute coronary syndrome within the previous 30 to 365 days, cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease, peripheral vascular arterial disease, or diabetes mellitus with coronary artery disease. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either evacetrapib at a dose of 130 mg or matching placebo, administered daily, in addition to standard medical therapy. The primary efficacy end point was the first occurrence of any component of the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. RESULTS: At 3 months, a 31.1% decrease in the mean LDL cholesterol level was observed with evacetrapib versus a 6.0% increase with placebo, and a 133.2% increase in the mean HDL cholesterol level was seen with evacetrapib versus a 1.6% increase with placebo. After 1363 of the planned 1670 primary end-point events had occurred, the data and safety monitoring board recommended that the trial be terminated early because of a lack of efficacy. After a median of 26 months of evacetrapib or placebo, a primary end-point event occurred in 12.9% of the patients in the evacetrapib group and in 12.8% of those in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.11; P=0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Although the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor evacetrapib had favorable effects on established lipid biomarkers, treatment with evacetrapib did not result in a lower rate of cardiovascular events than placebo among patients with high-risk vascular disease. (Funded by Eli Lilly; ACCELERATE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01687998 .)

Motivational determinants of achievement in sport

Este artículo presenta una revisión de las más recientes investigaciones sobre los determinantes de la motivación infantil desde el punto de vista de la motivación de logro. Desde este marco teórico, se cree que los objetivos de tarea y del ego deciden cómo las personas construyen sus contextos de logro, y se lleva a cabo la interpretación, evaluación y la reacción respecto a la consecución del objetivo. Las investigaciones revisadas sugieren que las creencias paternas constituyen un importante antecedente de las diferencias individuales respecto a la orientación de la consecución de objetivos de logro. De todas maneras, los hallazgos más recientes apoyan el argumento de que las percepciones del clima motivacional son asimismo importantes a la hora de determinar la conducta de logro del niño. Consecuentemente, en el trabajo se presenta una perspectiva interaccionista que combina tanto las variables individuales como las situacionales. Esta perspectiva promete proporcionar un entendimiento más completo de la motivación infantil en las experiencias de deporte competitivas. El trabajo concluye examinando las estrategias de intervención basadas en la creación de un clima motivacional orientado a la tarea que pueda ser usado por los adultos para mejorar la motivación y el disfrute de todos los niños en el contexto del deporte de competiciónThis paper provides a review of recent research dealing with the determinants of children's motivation stemming from an achievement goal perspective. In this framework, task and ego achievement goals are believed to govern how individuals construe achievement contexts as well as how they interpret, assess, and react to achievement feedback. Research is reviewed that suggests that parental beliefs are an important antecedent to individual differences in achievement goal orientation. Recent findings, however, support the argument that perceptions of the motivational climate are also important in determining a child's achievement behavior. Consequently, an interactionist perspective that combines both individual and situational difference variables is presented which promises to provide a more complete understanding of children's motivation in competitive sport experiences. The paper concludes by examining intervention strategies based on creating a task involving motivational climate that adults can use to enhance the motivation and enjoyment of all children in the context of competitive spor

Motivational determinants of achievement in sport

Este artículo presenta una revisión de las más recientes investigaciones sobre los determinantes de la motivación infantil desde el punto de vista de la motivación de logro. Desde este marco teórico, se cree que los objetivos de tarea y del ego deciden cómo las personas construyen sus contextos de logro, y se lleva a cabo la interpretación, evaluación y la reacción respecto a la consecución del objetivo. Las investigaciones revisadas sugieren que las creencias paternas constituyen un importante antecedente de las diferencias individuales respecto a la orientación de la consecución de objetivos de logro. De todas maneras, los hallazgos más recientes apoyan el argumento de que las percepciones del clima motivacional son asimismo importantes a la hora de determinar la conducta de logro del niño. Consecuentemente, en el trabajo se presenta una perspectiva interaccionista que combina tanto las variables individuales como las situacionales. Esta perspectiva promete proporcionar un entendimiento más completo de la motivación infantil en las experiencias de deporte competitivas. El trabajo concluye examinando las estrategias de intervención basadas en la creación de un clima motivacional orientado a la tarea que pueda ser usado por los adultos para mejorar la motivación y el disfrute de todos los niños en el contexto del deporte de competiciónThis paper provides a review of recent research dealing with the determinants of children's motivation stemming from an achievement goal perspective. In this framework, task and ego achievement goals are believed to govern how individuals construe achievement contexts as well as how they interpret, assess, and react to achievement feedback. Research is reviewed that suggests that parental beliefs are an important antecedent to individual differences in achievement goal orientation. Recent findings, however, support the argument that perceptions of the motivational climate are also important in determining a child's achievement behavior. Consequently, an interactionist perspective that combines both individual and situational difference variables is presented which promises to provide a more complete understanding of children's motivation in competitive sport experiences. The paper concludes by examining intervention strategies based on creating a task involving motivational climate that adults can use to enhance the motivation and enjoyment of all children in the context of competitive spor