Effects of european emissions trading system application to non EU airlines.

The European Union requires the application of an Emission Trading System (ETS) to all the flights arriving to or departing from EU airports beginning on 1 st of January 2012, according to the rules published in the Directive 2008/101/EC. Although actual emissions trading will take place in 2012 and on, part of the regulation started to be applicable in January 2010, in order to gather airline data that will be used for distribution of free emissions permits and for establishing the number of permits to be auctioned. EU carriers will have almost every flight included in the ETS, but non EU airlines participation will be limited to flights touching one EU airport, representing a relatively small part of their route system. However they are subject to the same administrative requirements, being obliged to submit Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) procedures to the EU Authority corresponding to the country with the most emissions from that carrier. This paper explores some of the most likely consequences for non EU carriers, coming from the entry into force of the ETS, both during 2010 and after 1 st of January 2012, when the system will start to be applicable. These effects may be classified in six categories: - strategies to obtain the maximum number of free permits in the first distribution, to be made on 2010 traffic basis - participation in the CO2 auctioning or other carbon markets elements, as a way to obtain additional permits when needed - other Kyoto Protocol tools for achieving additional permits (Joint Implementation, Clean Development Mechanisms) - fuel savings policies to minimise the number of permits needed since 2012 - new schemes for route evaluation, considering the repercussions of ETS - general planning (fleet and network) including carbon accounting As a conclusion it is shown that ETS application will have some unavoidable economic penalties and a non desirable administrative burden but, may offer a number of possibilities for minimising the negative effects of those measures and obtaining competitive advantages if airlines take early measures and elaborate the planning tools with enough anticipation

“COMPARACIÓN DE LA EFICACIA ANALGÉSICA DE 30 MG DE BUPRENORFINA TRANSDÉRMICA APLICADA 12 O 24 HRS ANTES DE LA CIRUGÍA EN 70 PACIENTES POSTOPERADAS DE HISTERECTOMÍA TOTAL ABDOMINAL EN EL HOSPITAL MATERNO INFANTIL ISSEMYM TOLUCA”

Estudios previos reportan en las primeras 24 horas posquir̼rgicas 40% de los pacientes presentan algún grado de dolor de moderado a intenso, y hasta un 65% tiene un manejo subóptimo. Los procedimientos quirúrgicos producen dolor inevitablemente, secundario al trauma y la liberación de mediadores de la inflamación y dolor locales, cuyo control inadecuado conduce a reacciones fisiopatológicas; en la histerectomíaabdominal el dolor experimentado se califica con escala visual análoga (EVA) con valores superiores a 5 (moderado a intenso)

Bond Development in Concrete Overlays:HR-561, August 1995

Data collection to determine the rate of bond strength development between concrete overlays and existing pavements and the evaluation of nondestructive testing methods for determining concrete strength were the objectives of this study. Maturity meters and pulse velocity meters were employed to determine the rate of flexural strength gain and determine the time for opening of newly constructed pavements to traffic. Maturity measurements appear to provide a less destructive method of testing. Pulse velocity measurements do require care in the preparation of the test wells and operator care in testing. Both devices functioned well under adverse weather and construction conditions and can reduce construction traffic delay decisions. Deflection testing and strain gaging indicate differences in the reaction of the overlay and existing pavement under grouting versus nongrouted sections. Grouting did enhance the rate of bond development with Type I11 cement out performing the Type I1 grout section. Type I11 and Type I1 cement grouts enhanced resistance to cracking in uniformly supported pavements where joints are prepared prior to overlays achieving target flexural strengths. Torsional and direct shear testing provide additional ways of measuring bond development at different cure times. Detailed data analysis will be utilized by TRANSTEC, Inc. to develop a bonded overlay construction guidelines report

ScotGrid: A Prototype Tier 2 Centre

ScotGrid is a prototype regional computing centre formed as a collaboration between the universities of Durham, Edinburgh and Glasgow as part of the UK's national particle physics grid, GridPP. We outline the resources available at the three core sites and our optimisation efforts for our user communities. We discuss the work which has been conducted in extending the centre to embrace new projects both from particle physics and new user communities and explain our methodology for doing this.Comment: 4 pages, 4 diagrams. Presented at Computing for High Energy and Nuclear Physics 2004 (CHEP '04). Interlaken, Switzerland, September 200

Small atom diffusion and breakdown on Stokes-Einstein relation in the supercooled liquid state of Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be alloys

Be diffusivity data in the bulk metallic glass forming alloys Zr_(41.2)Ti_(13.8)Cu_(12.5)Ni_(10)Be_(22.5) and Zr_(46.7)Ti_(8.3)Cu_(7.5)Ni_(10)Be_(27.5) are reported for temperatures between 530K and 710K, extending up to 80K into the supercooled liquid states of the alloys. At the glass transition temperature, T_g, a change in temperature dependence of the data is observed in both alloys, and above T_g the diffusivity increases faster with temperature than below. The data in the supercooled liquid can be described by a modified Arrhenius expression containing the communal entropy of the supercooled liquid and based on a diffusion mechanism suggested earlier. The comparison with viscosity data in the supercooled liquid state of Zr_(46.7)Ti_(8.3)Cu_(7.5)Ni_(10)Be_(27.5) reveals a breakdown of the Stokes- Einstein relation, whereas D(T) and η(T) follow a relation close to van den Beukel's. The breakdown of the Stokes- Einstein relation indicates a cooperative diffusion mechanism in the supercooled liquid state of the ZrTiCuNiBe alloys

Rumi Numeral System Symbols: Additional characters proposed to Unicode

This is a proposal to encode a set of Rumi numeral symbols in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This set of characters was published in Unicode Standard version 5.2 in October 2009. Rumi, which is also known today as Fasi, is a numeric system used from the 10c to 17c across a wide area, spanning the area from Egypt, the Maghreb, to al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula. Rumi numeral symbols originate from the Coptic or Greek-Coptic tradition

How to Design and Build Smoother Pavements

Smoothness is one of the key functional performances of pavements, used universally for construction acceptance and prioritizing rehabilitation and maintenance. Materials, equipment, and construction operations all play a role in pavement smoothness. Based on decades of experience and engaging case studies, this presentation covers pavement design considerations and construction best practices—recommendations that maximize pavement performance and reduce costs. In addition, it will touch on pavement smoothness specifications, including INDOT’s planned transition to IRI

Impact of Curling, Warping, and Other Early-Age Behavior on Concrete Pavement Smoothness: Early, Frequent, and Detailed (EFD) Study

This report summarizes the activities in Phase I of “Assessing the Impact to Concrete Pavement Smoothness from Curling, Warping, and other Early-Age Behavior: Early, Frequent, and Detailed (Project 16).” The purpose of this project is to obtain detailed information about factors affecting pavement smoothness during the critical time immediately following construction by conducting a controlled field evaluation of three concrete pavement construction projects. In Phase I, both field and laboratory testing of the materials and construction process were conducted. Extensive pavement profiling was also performed during strategic times after placement. As a whole, the data collection effort undertaken by the project team was a success. The result of this project is a large amount of quality data on the early-age effects of curling and warping on pavement smoothness. By using the data from this research and by using the mathematical models being developed as part of current FHWA studies and elsewhere, a better understanding will be gained of the complex relationship between concrete pavement smoothness and concrete pavement curling, warping, and other early-age behavior