50 research outputs found

    Low Voltage Totally Free Flexible RF MEMS Switch With Anti-Stiction System

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    This paper concerns a new design of RF MEMS switch combined with an innovative process which enable low actuation voltage (<5V) and avoid stiction. First, the structure described with principal design issues, the corresponding anti-stiction system is presented and FEM simulations are done. Then, a short description of the process flow based on two non polymer sacrificial layers. Finally, RF measurements are presented and preliminary experimental protocol and results of anti-stiction validation is detailed. Resulting RF performances are -30dB of isolation and -0.45dB of insertion loss at 10 GHz.Comment: Submitted on behalf of EDA Publishing Association (http://irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/16838

    L’otospongiose: Ă©tude rĂ©trospective Ă  propos de 36 cas

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    L'objectif de l'étude est de rapporter notre expérience concernant la prise en charge de l'otospongiose et comparer nos résultats avec ceux de la littérature. Nous rapportons une étude rétrospective concernant 36 cas d'otospongiose colligés au service d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie de l'hÎpital militaire Avicenne de  Marrakech, entre Janvier 2009 et Décembre 2012. L'ùge moyen des patients était de 38 ans avec une nette prédominance masculine (77%). Notre étude a révélé un retard diagnostique (stades  audiométriques II et III). Ce diagnostic est le plus souvent simple, trÚs fortement suspecté dÚs la premiÚre consultation devant l'existence d'une surdité de transmission ou mixte à tympan normal qui constitue le signe de découverte le plus prépondérant et constant dans notre série (100%), accompagnée parfois d'acouphÚnes (41%). L'existence d'antécédents familiaux de la maladie a été retenue chez  33,33%. L'audiométrie tonale liminaire et la tympanométrie ont été réalisées chez tous nos patients (100%) évoquant le diagnostic dans la majorité des cas. La tomodensitométrie, non obligatoire, reste  indispensable pour le diagnostic différentiel et surtout permet de prévoir les difficultés opératoires ainsi que les éventuelles associations pathologiques. Tous les patients ont subit une intervention chirurgicale comportant soit une platinectomie partielle ou totale(83%) ou une platinotomie. L'évolution et les résultats ont été généralement satisfaisants, par ailleurs nous avons constaté la survenue d'un cas de fistule périlymphatique, la persistance des acouphÚnes chez six patients et une surdité de transmission chez trois patients. Key words: Otospongiose, surdité, platinectomie, platinotomi

    Surdité brusque: étude rétrospective à propos de 36 cas

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    L’Objectif de cette Ă©tude est de rapporter notre expĂ©rience concernant la prise en charge des surditĂ©s brusques en soulignant la notion d’urgence, et en montrant les facteurs influant la probabilitĂ© de rĂ©cupĂ©ration. Nous rapportons une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective concernant 36 patients colligĂ©s au service ORL de l’HĂŽpital Militaire Avicenne de Marrakech au Maroc, pendant 05 ans. Uniquement les surditĂ©s brusques unilatĂ©rales ont Ă©tĂ© incluses dans notre Ă©tude. Il s’agit de 21 oreilles droites et 15 gauches. Les donnĂ©es cliniques Ă©taient recueillies par l’interrogatoire et l’examen clinique complet. L’évolution du dĂ©ficit auditif a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e Ă  l’admission, toutes les 48 heures et aprĂšs arrĂȘt du traitement par audiomĂ©trie tonale liminaire. Tous nos patients ont bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© des potentiels Ă©voquĂ©s auditifs du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral, 09 d’entre eux d’une tomodensitomĂ©trie. Une IRM a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e chez une seule patiente. Le protocole thĂ©rapeutique comprend des corticostĂ©roĂŻdes, vasodilatateurs. Seulement 16,6 % des patients ont rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ© la totalitĂ© de la perte auditive initiale. Les potentiels Ă©voquĂ©s auditifs (P.E.A) ont dĂ©celĂ© un cas de neurinome de l’acoustique confirmĂ© par l’imagerie

    A New Four States High Deflection Low Actuation Voltage Electrostatic Mems Switch for RF Applications

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    This paper presents a new electrostatic MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical System) based on a single high reliability totally free flexible membrane. Using four electrodes, this structure enables four states which allowed large deflections (4”m) with low actuation voltage (7,5V). This design presents also a good contact force and improve the restoring force of the structure. As an example of application, a Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) for 24GHz applications, based on this design, has been simulated

    Photothermoelectricity : Modeling in harmonic regime and characterization of solid and liquid thermoelectric materials

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    Ce mĂ©moire de thĂšse porte sur l'exploitation de l'effet Seebeck pour la caractĂ©risation thermo-physique des matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques (TE) solides et liquides. Lors de travaux rĂ©cents au sein du laboratoire, la technique photothermoĂ©lectrique (PTE) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour la caractĂ©risation thermique de matĂ©riaux TE solides de faibles conductivitĂ©s Ă©lectriques. Dans ce travail, l'utilisation de cette technique a Ă©tĂ© gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e Ă  tous les matĂ©riaux TE solides (de faibles ou de hautes conductivitĂ©s Ă©lectriques). Cela est rendu possible par la prise en compte de la nature gaussienne de l'excitation thermique modulĂ©e Ă  laquelle le matĂ©riau est soumis ainsi que par la comprĂ©hension des effets de couplage des mĂ©canismes de transport thermique et Ă©lectrique dans les matĂ©riaux TE. Dans cette thĂšse, plusieurs matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques solides ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s : le trisulfure de titane (TiS₃), les oxydes types Bi₂Ca₂Co₁,₇Oₓ, le sĂ©lĂ©niure du tellurure de bismuth (Bi₂Te₂,₄Se₀,₆). La tension auto-induite par effet Seebeck a Ă©tĂ© aussi exploitĂ©e pour la dĂ©tection des transitions de phases que prĂ©sentent certains matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques, ici le cas du sĂ©lĂ©niure de cuivre a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. Une nouvelle procĂ©dure qui permet de dĂ©terminer l'Ă©volution de la diffusivitĂ© thermique d'un matĂ©riau TE en fonction de la tempĂ©rature est prĂ©sentĂ©e. En plus des matĂ©riaux TE solides, la technique PTE a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tendue Ă  l'Ă©tude des matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques liquides (LTE). Un modĂšle thĂ©orique qui dĂ©crit le signal dĂ©livrĂ© par un matĂ©riau LTE soumis Ă  une excitation thermique pĂ©riodique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Ensuite, une Ă©tude de l'Ă©volution des propriĂ©tĂ©s thermiques d'un matĂ©riau LTE en fonction de la concentration d'un solutĂ© a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Enfin, l'approche dite de cavitĂ© rĂ©sonnante d'ondes thermiques (TWRC) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour investiguer thermiquement des matĂ©riaux LTE. À notre connaissance, c'est la premiĂšre fois que l'approche TWRC est utilisĂ©e pour l'analyse du signal gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© par un liquide thermoĂ©lectrique. L'utilisation des LTE comme capteurs thermiques a Ă©tĂ© aussi abordĂ©e dans ce travail.The use of the self-induced Seebeck effect in thermophysical characterization of solid and liquid thermoelectric (TE) materials is described in this manuscript. In previous works, the photothermoelectric technique (PTE) has been developed in our laboratory for the thermal characterization of solid TE materials having low electrical conductivities. In this work, we first generalized the use of the PTE technique to all solid thermoelectric materials (with high or low electrical conductivities). This is achieved by taking into account the Gaussian shape of the thermal source exciting the material as well as by the understanding of the coupling effects between thermal and electrical transport mechanisms when a TE material is submitted to a modulated thermal excitation. In this thesis, several solid thermoelectric materials were studied : Titanium trisulfide (TiS₃),Bi₂Ca₂Co₁,₇Oₓ oxydes and Bismuth Selenido-telluride (Bi₂Te₂,₄Se₀,₆). Then, the self-induced Seebeck voltage was used for the detection of phase transitions exhibited by certain thermoelectric materials. The case of the copper selenide (Cu₂Se) was studied. A new procedure allowing to follow the temperature dependance of the thermal diffusivity of solid TE materials is also presented. In this work, the PTE technique was extended to liquid thermoelectric (LTE) materials. Indeed, a theoretical model describing the signal delivered by a LTE material subject to a periodic thermal excitation has been developed. Then, a study of the evolution of the thermal properties of an electrolyte as function of a solute concentration was performed. Finally, the thermal-wave resonator cavity (TWRC) approach was used to characterize thermally LTE materials. As far as we know, this is the first method proposing a TWRC approach applied directly to the sensor itself. The use of LTE such as heat sensors was also addressed here

    Photothermoélectricité : Modélisation en régime harmonique et caractérisation de matériaux thermoélectriques solides et liquides

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    The use of the self-induced Seebeck effect in thermophysical characterization of solid and liquid thermoelectric (TE) materials is described in this manuscript. In previous works, the photothermoelectric technique (PTE) has been developed in our laboratory for the thermal characterization of solid TE materials having low electrical conductivities. In this work, we first generalized the use of the PTE technique to all solid thermoelectric materials (with high or low electrical conductivities). This is achieved by taking into account the Gaussian shape of the thermal source exciting the material as well as by the understanding of the coupling effects between thermal and electrical transport mechanisms when a TE material is submitted to a modulated thermal excitation. In this thesis, several solid thermoelectric materials were studied : Titanium trisulfide (TiS₃),Bi₂Ca₂Co₁,₇Oₓ oxydes and Bismuth Selenido-telluride (Bi₂Te₂,₄Se₀,₆). Then, the self-induced Seebeck voltage was used for the detection of phase transitions exhibited by certain thermoelectric materials. The case of the copper selenide (Cu₂Se) was studied. A new procedure allowing to follow the temperature dependance of the thermal diffusivity of solid TE materials is also presented. In this work, the PTE technique was extended to liquid thermoelectric (LTE) materials. Indeed, a theoretical model describing the signal delivered by a LTE material subject to a periodic thermal excitation has been developed. Then, a study of the evolution of the thermal properties of an electrolyte as function of a solute concentration was performed. Finally, the thermal-wave resonator cavity (TWRC) approach was used to characterize thermally LTE materials. As far as we know, this is the first method proposing a TWRC approach applied directly to the sensor itself. The use of LTE such as heat sensors was also addressed here.Ce mĂ©moire de thĂšse porte sur l'exploitation de l'effet Seebeck pour la caractĂ©risation thermo-physique des matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques (TE) solides et liquides. Lors de travaux rĂ©cents au sein du laboratoire, la technique photothermoĂ©lectrique (PTE) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour la caractĂ©risation thermique de matĂ©riaux TE solides de faibles conductivitĂ©s Ă©lectriques. Dans ce travail, l'utilisation de cette technique a Ă©tĂ© gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e Ă  tous les matĂ©riaux TE solides (de faibles ou de hautes conductivitĂ©s Ă©lectriques). Cela est rendu possible par la prise en compte de la nature gaussienne de l'excitation thermique modulĂ©e Ă  laquelle le matĂ©riau est soumis ainsi que par la comprĂ©hension des effets de couplage des mĂ©canismes de transport thermique et Ă©lectrique dans les matĂ©riaux TE. Dans cette thĂšse, plusieurs matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques solides ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s : le trisulfure de titane (TiS₃), les oxydes types Bi₂Ca₂Co₁,₇Oₓ, le sĂ©lĂ©niure du tellurure de bismuth (Bi₂Te₂,₄Se₀,₆). La tension auto-induite par effet Seebeck a Ă©tĂ© aussi exploitĂ©e pour la dĂ©tection des transitions de phases que prĂ©sentent certains matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques, ici le cas du sĂ©lĂ©niure de cuivre a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. Une nouvelle procĂ©dure qui permet de dĂ©terminer l'Ă©volution de la diffusivitĂ© thermique d'un matĂ©riau TE en fonction de la tempĂ©rature est prĂ©sentĂ©e. En plus des matĂ©riaux TE solides, la technique PTE a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tendue Ă  l'Ă©tude des matĂ©riaux thermoĂ©lectriques liquides (LTE). Un modĂšle thĂ©orique qui dĂ©crit le signal dĂ©livrĂ© par un matĂ©riau LTE soumis Ă  une excitation thermique pĂ©riodique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Ensuite, une Ă©tude de l'Ă©volution des propriĂ©tĂ©s thermiques d'un matĂ©riau LTE en fonction de la concentration d'un solutĂ© a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Enfin, l'approche dite de cavitĂ© rĂ©sonnante d'ondes thermiques (TWRC) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour investiguer thermiquement des matĂ©riaux LTE. À notre connaissance, c'est la premiĂšre fois que l'approche TWRC est utilisĂ©e pour l'analyse du signal gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© par un liquide thermoĂ©lectrique. L'utilisation des LTE comme capteurs thermiques a Ă©tĂ© aussi abordĂ©e dans ce travail

    Theory of the photothermally generated Seebeck voltage in harmonic regime

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    In this paper, a general theory of the photothermally induced Seebeck voltage in the harmonic regime is presented. Conditions highlighting coupling effects between temperature and electric fields are reported. In the frequency domain, thermoelectric materials are governed by two regimes separated by a cut-off frequency. Below this point, there is no manifestation of coupling on the voltage response. In its vicinity and beyond, coupling appears through an effective Seebeck coefficient and an effective thermal conductivity. From this last quantity, the figure of merit can be, in principle, theoretically determined from the ratio of thermal conductivities obtained respectively at high and low frequencies or from the maximum value of the complex thermal conductivity argument at the cut-off frequency

    Effect of latent heat storage on thermal comfort and energy consumption in lightweight earth-based housings

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    Embedding PCMs in building materials has attracted great interest due to their ability to store thermal energy. Storage of heat and cold is an efficient way to save energy. Considering a lightweight earth-based material, mixture of soil with a high straw content, the present work aims to improve its thermal properties by using phase change materials (PCM). In this investigation, a laboratory experimental campaign and subsequent numerical analysis were carried out to examine the impact of incorporating PCM within the lightweight earth-based material. Materials' hygro-thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and water vapor permeability), determined experimentally in laboratory, have been considered to calculate energy consumption and occupant's comfort in a typical single-family housing. Experimental results showed an improvement of the lightweight earth-based material thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, as well as a slight reduction in its water vapor permeability depending on the PCM content. These modifications in the lightweight earth-based material properties lead to predict an improvement of occupants' thermal comfort and a reduction of energy consumption in buildings that will be made with such a material. Finally, this study underlined the existence of an optimal phase change temperature regarding climate in which the building evolves

    Thermal behavior of light earth used for building insulation: Insight on PCM introduction impact

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    International audienceTo reduce building significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, architects and engineers are seeking eco-friendly construction solutions. Among investigated options, building’s thermal insulation and heat storage can be cited. In this regard, earth-based materials are attracting particular interest. These last years, there is a renewed interest in these eco-friendly building materials and techniques. This is due to many advantages that they present: excellent humidity regulation ability and high thermal inertia. Present study aims to improve light earth thermal properties. Specifically, this research work focuses on the development of an insulating and heat storing material. To achieve this, phase change materials (PCM) are incorporated in soil-natural fiber mixtures. In fact, different light earth samples are first prepared. Then, thermally characterized to highlight the impact of PCM on the light earth thermal insulating, heat storing properties and thermal response to changing boundary conditions. The incorporation of PCM showed an interesting improvement of the light earth thermal properties namely on thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal comfort time
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