Oulujoen-Iijoen vesienhoitoalueen toimenpideohjelma 2016-2021 : Osa 1. Taustatiedot

Oulujoen-Iijoen vesienhoitoalueen toimenpideohjelman 2016–2021 osassa 1 on esitetty toimenpiteiden suunnittelun taustatiedot. Näitä ovat muun muassa vesienhoidon keskeisimmät käsitteet, vesien tilaan vaikuttavat toiminnot, jo käynnissä olevat vesien tilan parantamista edistävät toimenpiteet ja niiden ohjaus sekä pintavesien tilan arvioinnin periaatteet ja tulokset. Lisäksi esitellään suunnittelussa käytetyt aineistot ja menetelmät

Plus and minus logarithms and Amice transform

We give a new description of Pollack's plus and minus $p$-adic logarithms $\log_p^\pm$ in terms of distributions. In particular, if $\mu_\pm$ denote the pre-images of $\log_p^\pm$ under the Amice transform, we give explicit formulae for the values $\mu_\pm(a+p^n\mathbb{Z}_p)$ for all $a\in \mathbb{Z}_p$ and all integers $n\ge1$. Our formulae imply that the distribution $\mu_-$ agrees with a distribution studied by Koblitz in 1977. Furthermore, we show that a similar description exists for Loeffler's two-variable analogues of these plus and minus logarithms.Comment: 9 page

The economic burden of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the impact of poor inhalation technique with commonly prescribed dry powder inhalers in three European countries

Contains fulltext : 171713.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases, which impose a substantial burden on healthcare systems and society. Fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA), often administered using dry powder inhalers (DPIs), are frequently prescribed to control persistent asthma and COPD. Use of DPIs has been associated with poor inhalation technique, which can lead to increased healthcare resource use and costs. METHODS: A model was developed to estimate the healthcare resource use and costs associated with asthma and COPD management in people using commonly prescribed DPIs (budesonide + formoterol Turbuhaler((R)) or fluticasone + salmeterol Accuhaler((R))) over 1 year in Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (UK). The model considered direct costs (inhaler acquisition costs and scheduled and unscheduled healthcare costs), indirect costs (productive days lost), and estimated the contribution of poor inhalation technique to the burden of illness. RESULTS: The direct cost burden of managing asthma and COPD for people using budesonide + formoterol Turbuhaler((R)) or fluticasone + salmeterol Accuhaler((R)) in 2015 was estimated at euro813 million, euro560 million, and euro774 million for Spain, Sweden and the UK, respectively. Poor inhalation technique comprised 2.2-7.7 % of direct costs, totalling euro105 million across the three countries. When lost productivity costs were included, total expenditure increased to euro1.4 billion, euro1.7 billion and euro3.3 billion in Spain, Sweden and the UK, respectively, with euro782 million attributable to poor inhalation technique across the three countries. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model results were most sensitive to changes in the proportion of patients prescribed ICS and LABA FDCs, and least sensitive to differences in the number of antimicrobials and oral corticosteroids prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of managing asthma and COPD using commonly prescribed DPIs is considerable. A substantial, and avoidable, contributor to this burden is poor inhalation technique. Measures that can improve inhalation technique with current DPIs, such as easier-to-use inhalers or better patient training, could offer benefits to patients and healthcare providers through improving disease outcomes and lowering costs

Whole-body vibration does not influence neuromuscular function or proprioception

This study examined the acute effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on knee joint position sense and indices of neuromuscular function, specifically strength, electromechanical delay and rate of force development. Electromyography and electrically evoked contractions were employed to investigate neural and contractile responses to WBV. Fourteen healthy males completed two treatment conditions on separate occasions: (1) 5 x 1 minute of unilateral isometric squat exercise on a synchronous vibrating platform [30 Hz, 4 mm peak-to-peak amplitude] (WBV); (2) a control condition (CON) of the same exercise without whole-body vibration. Knee joint position sense (joint angle replication task), and quadriceps neuromuscular function were assessed pre-, immediately-post and lh post-exercise. During maximum voluntary knee extensions peak force (PFV), electromechanical delay (EMDV), rate of force development (RFDV) and EMG of the quadriceps were measured. Twitch contractions of the knee extensors were electrically-evoked to assess EMDE and RFDE. Results showed no influence of WBV on knee joint position sense, EMDV; PFV and RFDV during the initial 50, 100 or 150 ms of contraction. Similarly, electrically-evoked neuromuscular function and neural activation remained unchanged following the vibration exercise. A single session of unilateral WBV did not influence any indices of thigh muscle neuromuscular performance or knee joint proprioception

Fitness efficacy of vibratory exercise compared to walking in postmenopausal women

In this study, we compared the efficacy of 8 months of low-frequency vibration and a walk-based program in health-related fitness. Twenty-seven postmenopausal women were randomly assigned into two groups: whole-body vibration (WBV) group (n = 18) performed three times/week a static exercise on a vibration platform (6 sets of 1-min with 1 min of rest, with a 12.6 Hz of frequency and an amplitude of 3 mm); walk-based program (WP) group (n = 18) performed three times/week a 60-min of walk activity at 70-75% of maximal heart rate. A health-related battery of tests was applied. Maximal unilateral concentric and eccentric isokinetic torque of the knee extensors was recorded by an isokinetic dynamometer. Physical fitness was measured using the following tests: vertical jump test, chair rise test and maximal walking speed test over 4 m. Maximal unilateral isokinetic strength was measured in the knee extensors in concentric actions at 60 and 300 degrees /s, and eccentric action at 60 degrees /s. After 8 months, the WP improved the time spent to walk 4 m (20%) and to perform the chair rise test (12%) compared to the WBV group (P = 0.006, 0.002, respectively). In contrast, the comparison of the changes in vertical jump showed the higher effectiveness of the vibratory exercise in 7% (P = 0.025). None of exercise programs showed change on isokinetic measurements. These results indicate that both programs differed in the main achievements and could be complementary to prevent lower limbs muscle strength decrease as we age [ISRCTN76235671]

Luottamus opettajan ja oppilaan välisessä vuorovaikutuksessa

The topic of this research is trust in a student-teacher interaction. We can say that trust lays the foundation for learning that alone has an influence on a child’s future. However, when observing trust from a wider spectrum, it is an intrinsic factor in our everyday life — at work, home and free time. It is an invisible factor that we use instinctively when making decisions and therefore it has an influence on our judgments, choices we make, and behavior. The primary purpose of this study is to determine how teachers interpret the concept of trust in a student-teacher interaction, and to study the factors that may have an influence on the trust relationship. Two research questions are posed: 1) How do teachers interpret trust in a student-teacher interaction? 2) What are teachers’ views on the factors impacting the trust in the student-teacher interaction? The data for this research consists of answers of 23 elementary school teachers that took part in the questionnaire, including 5 open ended questions. These answers are analyzed as a part of phenomenographic content analysis. The theoretical framework of this study briefly introduces trust as a part of social capital, focusing on observing it from a sociological point of view. The preliminary focus of the theoretical framework is to define trust in a school context, putting the main emphasis on the student-teacher interaction. The results of this research indicated that teachers value the feeling of safety as the main groundwork for the student-teacher relationship, which consists of factors such as teachers being a safe adult, security and genuine care. Other themes that stood out from the comments of the teachers were openness, consistency and respect. These themes also involve multiple different factors that have an impact on the main concepts in the field of trust in an interaction between students and teachers, which will be introduced closer in this study.Tutkielmassani tutkin peruskoulun luokanopettajien käsityksiä luottamuksesta opettajan ja oppilaan välisessä vuorovaikutuksessa. Voimme todeta, että luottamus rakentaa vahvan perustan oppimiselle, jolla yksistään on suuri merkitys lapsen tulevaisuudelle. Kun tarkastellaan luottamusta laajemmasta näkökulmasta, on se hyvin olennainen osa meidän jokapäiväistä elämää: töissä, kotona ja vapaa-aikana. Luottamus on näkymätön tekijä, jota käytämme vaistomaisesti päätöksissä ja määrittääkin siksi paljon tekemiämme valintoja, päätöksiä sekä käytöstämme. Ensisijainen tavoite tälle pro gradu -tutkielmalle on ymmärtää ja avata opettajien käsityksiä luottamuksesta vuorovaikutuksessa sekä syventää näitä teemoja tuomalla esiin asioita, jotka niihin vaikuttavat. Tutkimuskysymykseni ovat: 1) Kuinka opettajat ymmärtävät luottamuksen oppilaan ja opettajan välisessä vuorovaikutuksessa? 2) Minkälaiset asiat vaikuttavat luottamukseen opettajan ja oppilaan välisessä vuorovaikutuksessa? Tutkimusmateriaalini koostuu 23 opettajan antamista vastauksista semistruckturoituun, viiden kohdan kyselylomakkeeseen. Nämä vastaukset analysoitiin osana fenomenografista sisällönanalyysia. Teoreettinen viitekehys esittelee lyhyesti luottamuksen osana sosiaalista pääomaa sosiologisesta näkökulmasta katsottuna. Tutkimuksen teoriaosion ensisijainen tehtävä on määritellä luottamus koulukontekstissa keskittyen opettajan ja oppilaan väliseen vuorovaikutukseen. Tutkimukset tulokset osoittivat, että opettajat antavat huomattavan paljon arvoa turvan tunteelle, joka toimii lähtökohtana opettajan ja oppilaan toimivalle suhteelle ja joka koostuu asioista kuten opettajan roolista turvallisena aikuisena, aidosta välittämisestä sekä turvallisuudesta. Muita teemoja, joita vastauksista nousi esille, on avoimuus, johdonmukaisuus ja arvostus. Nämä teemat myös sisältävät monia tekijöitä, jotka puolestaan vaikuttavat luottamukseen opettajan ja oppilaan välisessä vuorovaikutuksessa ja joita tutkimukseni käsittelee tarkemmin

A lake-centric geospatial database to guide research and inform management decisions in an Arctic watershed in northern Alaska experiencing climate and land-use changes

Lakes are dominant and diverse landscape features in the Arctic, but conventional land cover classification schemes typically map them as a single uniform class. Here, we present a detailed lake-centric geospatial database for an Arctic watershed in northern Alaska. We developed a GIS dataset consisting of 4362 lakes that provides information on lake morphometry, hydrologic connectivity, surface area dynamics, surrounding terrestrial ecotypes, and other important conditions describing Arctic lakes. Analyzing the geospatial database relative to fish and bird survey data shows relations to lake depth and hydrologic connectivity, which are being used to guide research and aid in the management of aquatic resources in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. Further development of similar geospatial databases is needed to better understand and plan for the impacts of ongoing climate and land-use changes occurring across lake-rich landscapes in the Arctic

Atmosphere and Northern music : Ecomusicological-phenomenological analysis of Kalevi Aho's Eight Seasons

Peer reviewe

“It’s not just old jokes that get recycled.” : science communication and entertainment in the cartoon Introduction to climate change

Educational and informational comics have many advantages to other learning tools, especially traditional textbooks, and not the least of them is making learning engaging and enjoyable. For this reason, the objective of this research is to discover which are the specific ways in which science comics communicate scientific facts and theories and entertain their readers. The following questions are answered: 1) How is science content presented in and adapted into comic form? 2) How has the comic book The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change been designed to make learning and reading entertaining? More specifically, what are the ways through which the comic entertains the reader? To answer these research questions, a triangulation of methods and data was used. The methods used in this research are content analysis and multimodal analysis, and they will be used to examine the multimodality of the science comic book The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change. Moreover, the study contains an ethnographic and autoethnographic approach: an interview with a science comic creator was conducted and the answers are used to consolidate the findings from the analysis of The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change; also, the writer’s own knowledge of comics as an avid comic reader and creator is employed. Furthermore, the results of the interview and analysis were compared to previous research on science comics, science communication, autonomous learning, and entertainment. The results indicate that in her working process, the science comic creator’s approach to science communication concurs with modern approaches to autonomous learning and science communication. Similarities between the interview results and the analysis of The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change were identified. In The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change, both the individual modes (visual and verbal) and the interplay of modes provide plenty of opportunities to make learning enjoyable and gratifying and to adapt science content into the comic form. The elements of the comic book in question (speech bubbles, drawings, and textboxes), narration, characters, and the fundamental ability of comics to both visually show and verbally tell about events, processes, phenomena, and abstract concepts that are outside the reader’s reach are used to communicate and teach science effectively. Moreover, the target audience of The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change has been taken carefully into account. These matters make the learning experience different from learning from other educational tools, allegedly benefitting many students.Sarjakuvat ovat monin tavoin hyödyllisempiä opetusvälineitä verrattuna muihin välineisiin, erityisesti perinteisiin tekstipainotteisiin oppikirjoihin, ja etenkin kun oppimisesta halutaan tehdä mukaansatempaavaa ja nautittavaa. Näistä syistä tutkin tässä pro gradussa tiedesarjakuvien keinoja opettaa ja viihdyttää lukijaansa. Pyrin vastaamaan seuraaviin kysymyksiin: 1) Miten tiedesisältö on esitetty The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change -sarjakuvassa ja miten se on sovitettu sarjakuvamuotoon? 2) Miten sarjakuvan on tarkoitus tehdä lukemisesta ja oppimisesta viihdyttävää? Millä keinoin sarjakuva pyrkii viihdyttämään lukijaansa? Lähestyn tutkimuskysymyksiä useasta lähtökohdasta. Käytän tutkimusmetodeina sisällönanalyysia ja multimodaalista analyysia tarkastellessani multimodaalisuutta The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change -sarjakuvassa. Lisäksi tutkimukseen liittyvät etnografinen ja autoetnografinen menettelytapa: vahvistan analyysin päätelmiä tiedesarjakuvien tekijän haastattelun avulla ja käyttämällä omaa kokemuksen kautta kertynyttä sarjakuvatietouttani. Vertaan tuloksia myös tiedesarjakuvista, tiedeviestinnästä, itsenäisestä oppimisesta sekä viihteestä aiemmin tehtyihin tutkimuksiin. Haastattelun tulokset viittaavat siihen, että tiedesarjakuvien tekijän lähestymistavat tiedesarjakuvien tekemiseen ovat yhteneväisiä modernien tiedeviestinnän ja itsenäisen oppimisen teorioiden kanssa. The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change -sarjakuvassa on hyödynnetty sekä yksittäisten moodien (sanallinen ja kuvallinen) ilmaisuvoimaa erikseen että niiden yhdistelmää sarjakuvana, jotta oppimisesta tulisi viihdyttävää ja tyydyttävää; lisäksi tiedesisältöä voidaan moodien avulla muuntaa sarjakuvamuotoon monin eri tavoin. Tiedeviestinnässä ja tiedesisällön opettamisessa hyödynnetään sarjakuvan elementtejä (puhekuplat, piirrokset ja tekstilaatikot), kerrontaa, hahmoja sekä sarjakuville ominaista kykyä näyttää lukijan kokemusmaailman ulkopuolisia tapahtumia, prosesseja, ilmiöitä sekä abstrakteja käsitteitä visuaalisesti sekä kertoa niistä sanallisesti. Kohdeyleisö on myös otettu tarkasti huomioon sarjakuvan suunnittelussa. Näiden tekijöiden avulla oppimiskokemuksesta saadaan erilainen kuin muunlaisista oppimateriaaleista opiskellessa, mikä hyödyttää monia opiskelijoita

Resounding : Feeling, Mytho-ecological Framing, and the Sámi Conception of Nature in Outi Tarkiainen’s The Earth, Spring’s Daughter

The song-cycle The Earth, Spring’s Daughter by the Finnish composer Outi Tarkiainen (born in 1985) is based on poems in the Northern Sámi language by Nils-Aslak Valkeapää and Rauni Magga Lukkari, among others. This ecomusicological and cultural musicological article analyzes the musical-textual ways the work portrays Sámi culture’s changing relationship to nature and addresses today’s environmental concerns. Typical for the work are musical motifs with nature-related meaning, representations of the cyclical conception of time, and adaptations of Sámi mythology for communicating environmental(ist) messages. The distinctive way the work grounds the sense of nature in feelings is called “mytho-ecological framing.”Peer reviewe