Evaluation of the Mineral Element Profile of Wastes of Some Wine Grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) Varieties

In this study, the level of macro and micro elements of six wine grape cultivars were determined in seeds, bagasse (skin and pulp) and pomace (seed, skin and pulp) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave digestion (ICP-AES). The levels of macro and micro elements exhibited a genotype dependent alteration and affected by the part of the berry sampled. Potassium was the predominant macro element in bagasse and pomace, varying from 6.78 g/kg dry weight in pomace (Carignane) to 21.05 g/kg dry weight in bagasse (Cabernet Sauvignon). However, the level of calcium was higher than potassium in seeds and varied between 4.95 g/kg (Kalecik karası) and 6.73 g/kg (Carignane). Seeds were also richer than the bagasse and pomace related with phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. Among the micro elements, Fe had the highest amount in all parts of the berries. Its content ranged from 13.9 mg/kg dry weights in bagasse of Semillon to 24.8 mg/kg dry weight in seeds of Syrah. Iron, manganese, zinc and molybdenum in seeds; copper and boron in bagasse were higher amount than the other groups analyzed. The results of this study show that all parts of the grape berries are potentially rich sources of mineral elements. So, they could be used as a food supplement to improve the nutritive value of the human diet and for some engineering processes in food industry

Aspectos de la historia del Imperio Romano : Textos de Morstein-Marx, Rosenstein, Mattingly, Ziolkowski, Grey y Drinkwater

Este libro reúne trabajos sobre distintos aspectos de la historia del Imperio Romano desde el surgimiento hasta su crisis terminal en Occidente. La sociedad romana es abordada desde puntos de vista políticos, económicos y sociales, en la medida en que estos pueden ser separados. Se han traducido textos de reconocidos investigadores: Morstein-Marx, Rosenstein, Mattingly, Ziolkowski, Grey y Drinkwater, cuya publicación busca acercar al mundo hispanoparlante estudios actualizados acerca de este período histórico para ser utilizados en la enseñanza de grado de la educación superior y universitaria. Esperamos que impulse la curiosidad de los alumnos sobre esta época, al mostrar su complejidad y lo que podemos aprender de ella para la comprensión de la sociedad en la que vivimos.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Genotypic variation in tolerance to boron toxicity in 70 durum wheat genotypes

By using 70 durum wheat (Triticum durum) genotypes, a greenhouse experiment has been carried out to study genotypic variation in tolerance to boron (B) toxicity in soil. Plants were grown in a soil containing 12 mg extractable B kg-1 soil and treated additionally with (+B: 25 mg kg-1 soil) and without B (-B: 0 mg B kg-1 soil). Following 30 days of growth, only shoots have been harvested and analyzed for dry matter production and shoot concentrations of B. There was a large genotypic variation in tolerance to B toxicity based on the severity of leaf symptoms and decreases in dry matter production caused by B toxicity. Among the genotypes tested, the growth of the genotypes Sabil-1, Stn ÒSÓ, Aconhi-89 and Wadelmez-2 was not affected; even, there was a tendency for an increase in growth by B treatment. By contrast, the dry matter production of all other genotypes was markedly decreased by the applied B, particularly in the genotypes Lagost-3, Dicle-74, Brachoua/134xS-61 and Gerbrach. In case of the genotypes Brachoua/134xS-61 and Gerbrach, B application reduced dry weight of the plants by 2-fold. Interestingly, there was no relationship between shoot B concentrations and relative decreases in shoot dry weight by B toxicity. The most B-sensitive genotypes had generally much lower amount of B in shoot than the genotypes showing higher tolerance to B toxicity. This result indicates that the B-exclusion mechanism is not involved in differential expression of B tolerance within 70 durum wheat genotypes. It seems very likely that the internal mechanisms (e.g., adsorption to cell walls and compartementation of B in vacuoles) could be a more plausible explanation for B tolerance in the durum wheats tested in the present study

K⁺ Efflux and Retention in Response to NaCl Stress Do Not Predict Salt Tolerance in Contrasting Genotypes of Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.)

<div><p>Sudden elevations in external sodium chloride (NaCl) accelerate potassium (K⁺) efflux across the plasma membrane of plant root cells. It has been proposed that the extent of this acceleration can predict salt tolerance among contrasting cultivars. However, this proposal has not been considered in the context of plant nutritional history, nor has it been explored in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.), which stands among the world’s most important and salt-sensitive crop species. Using efflux analysis with ⁴²K, coupled with growth and tissue K⁺ analyses, we examined the short- and long-term effects of NaCl exposure to plant performance within a nutritional matrix that significantly altered tissue-K⁺ set points in three rice cultivars that differ in salt tolerance: IR29 (sensitive), IR72 (moderate), and Pokkali (tolerant). We show that total short-term K⁺ release from roots in response to NaCl stress is small (no more than 26% over 45 min) in rice. Despite strong varietal differences, the extent of efflux is shown to be a poor predictor of plant performance on long-term NaCl stress. In fact, no measure of K⁺ status was found to correlate with plant performance among cultivars either in the presence or absence of NaCl stress. By contrast, shoot Na⁺ accumulation showed the strongest correlation (a negative one) with biomass, under long-term salinity. Pharmacological evidence suggests that NaCl-induced K⁺ efflux is a result of membrane disintegrity, possibly as result of osmotic shock, and not due to ion-channel mediation. Taken together, we conclude that, in rice, K⁺ status (including efflux) is a poor predictor of salt tolerance and overall plant performance and, instead, shoot Na⁺ accumulation is the key factor in performance decline on NaCl stress.</p> </div

Long-term NaCl exposure and tissue biomass and content (high K⁺, NO₃⁻ conditions).

<p>Steady-state biomass and tissue content values of three rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) cultivars grown under high K⁺ and NO₃⁻ conditions, +/−50 mM NaCl. Dashes indicate instances of mortality. Asterisks denote different levels of significance between control and treatment pairs (ns: not significant, *: 0.01t-test).</p>1<p>Fresh weight; ²Control; ³Dry weight; ⁴Shoot K⁺ content; ⁵Root K⁺ content; ⁶Shoot Na⁺ content; ⁷Root Na⁺ content.</p

Short-term NaCl exposure and K⁺ efflux and retention.

<p>Effect of sudden application of 160 mM NaCl to K⁺ efflux and K⁺ content loss (from the cytosol and total tissue) from roots of three rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) cultivars grown under varying nutritional conditions. Letters indicate significantly different means (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test, P<0.05) between cultivars within an N regime. Asterisks denote different levels of significance between control and treatment pairs used to determine K⁺_tissue loss (ns: not significant, *: 0.01t-test).</p>1<p>cytosolic K⁺; ²total tissue K⁺; ³not determined.</p

Root K⁺ content and short-term NaCl stress.

<p>Root K⁺ content, before and after short-term (45 min) exposure to 160 mM NaCl, in three cultivars of rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L., cvs. ‘IR29’, ‘IR72’, and ‘Pokkali’). Plants were grown and tested in a full nutrient medium supplemented with either 0.1 (A) or 1.5 mM K⁺ (B), and one of four N regimes: 0.1 mM NH₄⁺, 0.1 mM NO₃⁻, 10 mM NH₄⁺, and 10 mM NO₃⁻. Asterisks denote different levels of significance between control and treatment pairs (ns: not significant, *: 0.01t-test). Error bars indicate ± SEM.</p

Nutritional and cultivar comparisons of NaCl-stimulated K⁺ efflux.

<p>Cultivar differences in ⁴²K⁺ efflux from roots of intact rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L. cvs. ‘IR29’, ‘IR72’, and ‘Pokkali’) in response to sudden provision (at <i>t</i>  =  15.5 min, see arrow) of 160 mM NaCl. Seedlings were grown and tested in a full nutrient medium supplemented with either 0.1 (A – D) or 1.5 mM K⁺ (E – H), and one of four N regimes: 0.1 mM NH₄⁺ (A, E), 0.1 mM NO₃⁻ (B, F), 10 mM NH₄⁺ (C, G), and 10 mM NO₃⁻ (D, H). Error bars indicate ± SEM.</p

Long-term NaCl exposure and tissue biomass and content (high K⁺, NH₄⁺ conditions).

<p>Steady-state biomass and tissue content values of three rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) cultivars grown under high K⁺ and NH₄⁺ conditions, +/−50 mM NaCl. Dashes indicate instances of mortality. Asterisks denote different levels of significance between control and treatment pairs (ns: not significant, *: 0.01t-test).</p>1<p>Fresh weight; ²Control; ³Dry weight; ⁴Shoot K⁺ content; ⁵Root K⁺ content; ⁶Shoot Na⁺ content; ⁷Root Na⁺ content.</p