Mortality and Early Feeding Behavior of Female Turkey Poults During the First Week of Life

Turkey poults are susceptible to early mortality and poor initial feeding behavior for reasons that are not well-understood. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the development of turkey poult feeding behavior and early mortality, with a focus on the effect of biological age and diet. We hypothesized that increasing biological age would increase mortality, and that poults that had earlier feeding behavior would have decreased mortality. Nine hundred and sixty female turkey poults were randomly assigned to 24 pens (40 poults per pen). The study was conducted as a completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of two ages (early and standard hatch) and three diets (control, modified A, and modified Ca/P B, differing primarily in the Ca/P ratio and percent fines). The behavior during the first 24 h after placement of newly placed poults was examined. Growth performance and mortality throughout the first week of life was also measured to determine if early behavior had any impact on these variables over time. Behavior during the first 24 h was similar between the age treatments; both spent ~2.5% of the time drinking, 7% of the time feeding, 12% of the time active and 80% of the time inactive/resting. There was no effect of diet or age treatment on latency to feed or drink. Growth variables were not affected by biological age. However, there was a significant diet and biological age effect on bodyweight and mortality. Standard hatch poults fed a control diet were lighter than other poults at 7 d, while standard hatch poults fed the diet with the lowest Ca:P had the highest mortality. For all treatments, early mortality was primarily due to yolk sac infection, although >1% of placed poults died due to starvation. Findings of the present study indicate that, regardless of biological age or diet, poults established feeding behavior within the first 24 h and the majority of early poult mortality under these experimental conditions was due to factors other than starvation

Dust in and around galaxies: dust in cluster environments and its impact on gas cooling

Simulating the dust content of galaxies and their surrounding gas is challenging due to the wide range of physical processes affecting the dust evolution. Here we present cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of a cluster of galaxies, $M_\text{200,crit}=6 \times 10^{14}\,{\rm M_\odot}$, including a novel dust model for the moving mesh code {\sc Arepo}. This model includes dust production, growth, supernova-shock-driven destruction, ion-collision-driven thermal sputtering, and high temperature dust cooling through far infrared re-radiation of collisionally deposited electron energies. Adopting a rather low thermal sputtering rate, we find, consistent with observations, a present-day overall dust-to-gas ratio of $\sim 2\times 10^{-5}$, a total dust mass of $\sim 2\times 10^9\,{\rm M_\odot}$, and a dust mass fraction of $\sim 3\times 10^{-6}$. The typical thermal sputtering timescales within $\sim 100\,{\rm kpc}$ are around $\sim 10\,{\rm Myr}$, and increase towards the outer parts of the cluster to $\sim 10^3\,{\rm Myr}$ at a cluster-centric distance of $1\,{\rm Mpc}$. The condensation of gas phase metals into dust grains reduces high temperature metal-line cooling, but also leads to additional dust infrared cooling. The additional infrared cooling changes the overall cooling rate in the outer parts of the cluster, beyond $\sim 1\,{\rm Mpc}$, by factors of a few. This results in noticeable changes of the entropy, temperature, and density profiles of cluster gas once dust formation is included. The emitted dust infrared emission due to dust cooling is consistent with observational constraints.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures. MNRAS accepte

Comparativa de la situación de la mujer en la educación Española y Alemana

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Infantil. Codi: MI1040. Curs acadèmic: 2016/2017Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal conocer el papel de la mujer en la sociedad y cómo esto influye en la educación infantil, además de ofrecer una comparativa con otros países Europeos con una ideología conservadora similar a la de España, como pueden ser Alemania o Inglaterra, cuya religión mayoritaria no es el catolicismo. Para conseguir nuestro objetivo hemos realizado un trabajo basado en la recogida de información de diversas fuentes, entre ellas, libros, artículos de revista, materiales digitales. Esto nos ha ayudado a comprender que hay una gran diferencia de género entre los docentes de educación infantil a consecuencia de una larga tradición histórica que sigue perdurando hoy en día. Para comprender esto también se ha analizado el desarrollo histórico de la educación infantil a lo largo de la historia, centrándonos principalmente en dos países como hemos dicho anteriormente, España y Alemania. Finalmente se presentan una serie de conclusiones donde se reúnen todas las informaciones encontradas y la síntesis a la que nosotros llegamos tras realizar el siguiente trabajo

Educación para la diversidad afectivo-sexual desde la perspectiva de las familias homoparentales

Treball final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Infantil. Codi: MI1040. Curs acadèmic 2016-2017Este proyecto tiene como objetivos conocer la opinión de algunas familias homoparentales acerca del trabajo de la diversidad afectivo sexual en las escuelas, acercarnos al trato que reciben algunas familias homoparentales en lasaulas y descubrir qué mejoras educativas proponen las familias homoparentales para fomentar la inclusión del colectivo LGBT en el ámbito escolar. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, en primer lugar, se ha realizado una primera aproximación a la materia a través de la búsqueda de autores y documentos que avalen la necesidad de trabajar este tipo de diversidad, cómo se trata este tema en el sistema educativo actual, así como la necesidad de introducir a las familias en las aulas. Después, para averiguar de primera mano la visión de las familias homoparentales acerca de este tema, se han realizado entrevistas a tres familia de diferentes edades, procedentes de diferentes lugares y con diferente grado de participación en asociaciones LGBT. Para llevar a término estas entrevistas, se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa, basada en una entrevista semiestructurada y preguntas abiertas. Estas preguntas están separadas en temas, todos relacionados con los objetivos propuestos (sistema educativo, relación familiar, relación con la escuela,…). Para finalizar, a partir de las respuestas de las tres familias se ha realizado el análisis de datos. Este se ha llevado a cabo a través de la comparación y el contraste de las diferentes visiones de las familias. A raíz del análisis se han podido deducir las siguientes conclusiones: en las escuelas no se trabaja la diversidad afectivo-sexual o no se introduce en toda su complejidad, la educación para este tipo de diversidad podría solucionar el aumento de las agresiones homófobas, el colectivo LGTB continúa viviendo situaciones de desigualdad respecto a los heterosexuales y en el sistema educativo sigue vigente la heteronormatividad

Combining attachment-based family therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy to improve outcomes for adolescents with anxiety

Increases in adolescent anxiety over the past several years suggest a need for trauma-informed, culturally responsive interventions that help teens cope with environmental stressors like those associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Although abundant evidence supports the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating adolescent anxiety, not all teens respond positively to CBT. CBT does not typically include strategies that address important family factors that may be impacting the teen’s functioning, such as the attachment relationship. Attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) addresses the attachment relationship and other factors that contribute to the adolescent’s anxiety and related distress. By enhancing positive parenting behaviors, such as acceptance and validation of the adolescent’s distress and promotion of their autonomy, ABFT sessions may repair the attachment relationship and increase the family’s ability and willingness to engage in CBT tasks aimed at reducing anxiety. This theoretical paper describes the ABFT model and proposes that implementing ABFT sessions prior to CBT could result in better clinical outcomes for adolescents with anxiety disorders by improving the context within which the anxiety symptoms and treatment are experienced. Given that ABFT is sensitive and responsive to family and other contextual factors, adolescents from marginalized communities and those from less individualistic cultures may find the model to be more acceptable and appropriate for addressing factors related to their anxiety. Thus, a combined ABFT+CBT model might result in better outcomes for adolescents who have not historically responded well to CBT alone

Anatomical Pathology, Behavioral, and Physiological Responses Induced by Application of Non-penetrating Captive Bolt Devices in Layer Chickens

We evaluated three models of non-penetrating captive bolt devices, Zephyr-E, Zephyr- EXL, and Turkey euthanasia device (TED) for time to loss of sensibility and degree of brain damage during euthanasia in four age groups of male and female layer chickens (10–11, 20–21, 30–35, 60–70 weeks respectively). Latencies to onset of insensibility and cardiac arrest were assessed to detect whether killing birds via these devices was humane and effective. Both gross and microscopic pathology evaluations were conducted to score skull and brain trauma post mortem. All three NPCB devices induced loss of breathing, pupillary reflex and nictitating membrane reflex within 5 s after application in most chickens. Latencies to loss of jaw tone and neck muscle tone were longer in 60–70 weeks old roosters (p < 0.05). Younger birds (10–21 week-old) demonstrated the longest time (p < 0.0001) to onset of tonic convulsions, time at last movement, cloacal relaxation and cessation of heart beat. A positive correlation (p < 0.0001) was found for all three devices between time of cardiac arrest and times to onset of tonic convulsions, last movement, and cloacal relaxation. More than 80% of birds had skin lacerations with external bleeding following application of all 3 devices. Device type did not affect the incidence of skull fractures but higher skull fracture scores were noted in 10–11 week-old birds compared to other ages. Regardless of device type and age, microscopic SDH was most apparent in the brain and proximal spinal cord of all birds. In summary, all three devices caused significant trauma to the midbrain and spinal cord. Results demonstrated that all three devices induce rapid insensibility after application and can be used as a single-step method that results in a humane death in all age groups of layer chickens

Assessing a Method of Mechanical Cervical Dislocation as a Humane Option for On-Farm Killing Using Anesthetized Poults and Young Turkeys

Our objective was to determine the efficacy of manual cervical dislocation vs. a mechanical cervical dislocation device for on-farm killing of poults and young turkeys. Forty-two 1- and 3-week old turkeys were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: awake manual cervical dislocation (CD), anesthetized manual cervical dislocation (aCD), or anesthetized mechanical cervical dislocation (MCD). Anesthetized birds received an intramuscular dose of 0.3 mg/kg medetomidine and 30 mg/kg of ketamine to achieve a light plane of anesthesia. A comparison of CD vs. aCD responses indicated that the anesthetic plane did not affect jaw tone or pupillary light reflex, indicators of loss of sensibility and brain death, respectively. MCD was unsuccessful for killing 1-week old poults as indicated by the ongoing presence of the pupillary eye reflex as well as failure to achieve cardiac arrest within 5 min in 5 of 5 birds. Radiographs also indicated no vertebral dislocation or fracture. Pupillary light reflex was present in 98% and jaw tone was present in 73% of turkeys, respectively, for all groups combined, but retention of the pupillary light reflex (P < 0.001) and jaw tone (P = 0.001) was longer for birds killed by MCD. Time to last movement (P = 0.797) and cardiac arrest (P = 0.057) did not differ between method. Survey radiographs demonstrated an effect of method for the average displacement distance at the site of vertebral dislocation, with a greater distance observed in birds killed by CD compared to MCD (P = 0.003). A method by age interaction was observed between CD and MCD for the number of birds with fractures; more vertebral fractures were observed in 3-week old turkeys killed with MCD compared to CD (P = 0.047). Upon gross examination, the majority of birds killed by either method had minimal to no hemorrhage within the brain and spinal cord. However, turkeys killed using CD had more microscopic subdural brain hemorrhage (P = 0.020). Ante-mortem and post-mortem measures suggest that neither manual CD nor the MCD tool used in this study caused immediate insensibility, but CD resulted in a shorter latency to brain death and fewer fractures compared to MCD

Characteristics of Adults in the Hepatitis B Research Network in North America Reflect Their Country of Origin and Hepatitis B Virus Genotype

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide; populations that migrate to the US and Canada might be disproportionately affected. The Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN) is a cooperative network of investigators from the United States and Canada, created to facilitate clinical, therapeutic, and translational research in adults and children with hepatitis B. We describe the structure of the network and baseline characteristics of adults with hepatitis B enrolled in the network