USO ACTUAL DE LA TÉCNICA MANO SOBRE BOCA EN LOS POSGRADOS DE ODONTOPEDIATRÍA EN MÉXICO

En la odontología infantil cada paciente constituye una peculiaridad, generalmente no existen dos casos similares, sus reacciones dependen de factores como, la etapa de crecimiento y desarrollo, las características de la salud del paciente, las condiciones socioculturales de los padres y otros elementos que hacen distintas las respuestas de cada niño en particular.El manejo del comportamiento del paciente en Odontopediatría es parte fundamental para el éxito de un buen tratamiento dental. Existen diversas técnicas las cuales logran este objetivo una de ellas es la técnica mano sobre boca (HOME por sus siglas en inglés: hand over mouth exercise) dicha técnica es empleada en niños con un comportamiento histérico, ésta es empleada colocando la mano gentilmente pero con firmeza sobre la boca del niño para cesar la explosión verbal y mal comportamiento, la finalidad de ésta es ganar la atención del paciente, lograr establecer buena comunicación y conseguir que coopere con el fin de lograr un tratamiento eficaz y seguro

Perceptions about the experiences of the novice english professors during their first years working in the Foreign Language Department, School of Arts and Sciences, University of El Salvador.

The following paper has the main objective to demonstrate the experiences that Novice English professors face, the difficulties they have to overcome as well as the relationships with their colleagues during their first years teaching at the Foreign Language Department in the University of El Salvador. To begin with, it is presented some definitions of what a novice professor is, also some historical background regarding how the teaching process has evolved over the years. In addition, it is stated the reasons behind why they decide to become a professor at a University level. Furthermore, the research team highlights the main aspects involved in the teaching process such as points of view, thoughts, impressions, opinions, motivation and attitudes. Afterwards, the outcomes demonstrate that there is a lack of trainings regarding the inductions before starting the teaching process. It is pointed out that novice professors need guidance from experienced colleagues aside from the need of technological gadgets from the Foreign Language Department. On top of that, some other delicate concerns are presented that have not been addressed yet by the authorities of the Foreign Language Department. Finally, some suggestions are offered to the Foreign Language Department in order to provide continuous improvement to the performance of the novice English professors

Radiographers supporting radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography: a viable strategy to meet the shortage in the number of radiologists.

BackgroundAn alternative approach to the traditional model of radiologists interpreting screening mammography is necessary due to the shortage of radiologists to interpret screening mammograms in many countries.MethodsWe evaluated the performance of 15 Mexican radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, in the interpretation of screening mammography after a 6 months training period in a screening setting. Fifteen radiographers received 6 months standardized training with radiologists in the interpretation of screening mammography using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) system. A challenging test set of 110 cases developed by the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium was used to evaluate their performance. We estimated sensitivity, specificity, false positive rates, likelihood ratio of a positive test (LR+) and the area under the subject-specific Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for diagnostic accuracy. A mathematical model simulating the consequences in costs and performance of two hypothetical scenarios compared to the status quo in which a radiologist reads all screening mammograms was also performed.ResultsRadiographer's sensitivity was comparable to the sensitivity scores achieved by U.S. radiologists who took the test but their false-positive rate was higher. Median sensitivity was 73.3 % (Interquartile range, IQR: 46.7-86.7 %) and the median false positive rate was 49.5 % (IQR: 34.7-57.9 %). The median LR+ was 1.4 (IQR: 1.3-1.7 %) and the median AUC was 0.6 (IQR: 0.6-0.7). A scenario in which a radiographer reads all mammograms first, and a radiologist reads only those that were difficult for the radiographer, was more cost-effective than a scenario in which either the radiographer or radiologist reads all mammograms.ConclusionsGiven the comparable sensitivity achieved by Mexican radiographers and U.S. radiologists on a test set, screening mammography interpretation by radiographers appears to be a possible adjunct to radiologists in countries with shortages of radiologists. Further studies are required to assess the effectiveness of different training programs in order to obtain acceptable screening accuracy, as well as the best approaches for the use of non-physician readers to interpret screening mammography

Impacto en calidad de vida de paciente pediátrico con hipomineralización molar incisivo: relato de caso

Quality of life can be positively affected by good health or negatively by oral diseases, manifesting itself in the daily functioning and general well-being of the individual who may present difficulty chewing, decreased appetite, weight loss, sleeping difficulties, behavioral changes or decreased school performance. Incisor molar hypomineralization (HMI) affects one to four permanent first molars, with or without compromise of the permanent incisors. It is classified as: Mild, moderate, and severe according to its degree of affection. The following is the case of a 7-year-1-month-old female patient who attended the dental clinic of the School of Dentistry, University of El Salvador and reported provoked pain, loss of appetite and sleeping difficulties. On clinical examination, multiple carious lesions were observed in the deciduous dentition, atypical restoration in tooth 2-6 and severe loss of structure in tooth 3-6 with pulp involvement. The objective of this work was to know the negative impact on the quality of life of the pediatric patient undergoing the clinical condition of HMI. HMI has a high prevalence worldwide and it is considered a public health problem. An early diagnosis will allow establishing the best clinical approach, emphasizing education and prevention, to improve the quality of life of children since this clinical condition shows a greater risk of post-eruptive dental fractures, tooth sensitivity, difficulty at the time of chewing and development of dental cariesLa calidad de vida puede ser afectada positivamente por la salud o de manera negativa por enfermedades bucodentales, las cuales se manifiestan en el funcionamiento diario y el bienestar en general del individuo, quien presenta dificultad al masticar, disminución del apetito, pérdida de peso, dificultades para dormir, cambios de comportamiento o disminución en el rendimiento escolar. La hipomineralización molar incisivo (HMI) afecta de uno a cuatro primeros molares permanentes, con o sin compromiso de los incisivos permanentes. La hipomineralización se clasifica en: leve, moderado y grave según su grado de afección. A continuación, se presenta el caso de una paciente de 7 años y 1 mes de edad que acude a la clínica de la Facultad de Odontología de La Universidad de El Salvador con relato de dolor provocado, pérdida de apetito y dificultades para dormir. En el examen clínico se observaron múltiples lesiones cariosas en la dentición decidua, restauración atípica en el diente 2-6 y pérdida severa de estructura en diente 3-6 con compromiso pulpar. El objetivo: conocer el impacto negativo en la calidad de vida del paciente pediátrico que presenta la condición clínica de HMI. La HMI presenta una alta prevalencia a nivel mundial por lo que se considera un problema de salud pública. Un diagnóstico temprano permitirá establecer el mejor abordaje clínico, con énfasis en la educación y prevención, para mejorar la calidad de vida de los niños ya que esta condición clínica muestra mayor riesgo a fracturas dentarias post eruptiva, sensibilidad dental, dificultad al momento de la masticación y desarrollo de caries denta

The Public Health Leadership and Implementation Academy for Noncommunicable Diseases.

PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have a large burden of noncommunicable diseases and confront leadership capacity challenges and gaps in implementation of proven interventions. To address these issues, we designed the Public Health Leadership and Implementation Academy (PH-LEADER) for noncommunicable diseases. The objective of this program evaluation was to assess the quality and effectiveness of PH-LEADER. INTERVENTION APPROACH: PH-LEADER was directed at midcareer public health professionals, researchers, and government public health workers from LMICs who were involved in prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. The 1-year program focused on building implementation research and leadership capacity to address noncommunicable diseases and included 3 complementary components: a 2-month online preparation period, a 2-week summer course in the United States, and a 9-month, in-country, mentored project. EVALUATION METHODS: Four trainee groups participated from 2013 through 2016. We collected demographic information on all trainees and monitored project and program outputs. Among the 2015 and 2016 trainees, we assessed program satisfaction and pre-post program changes in leadership practices and the perceived competence of trainees for performing implementation research. RESULTS: Ninety professionals (mean age 38.8 years; 57% male) from 12 countries were trained over 4 years. Of these trainees, 50% were from India and 29% from Mexico. Trainees developed 53 projects and 9 publications. Among 2015 and 2016 trainees who completed evaluation surveys (n = 46 of 55), we saw pre-post training improvements in the frequency with which they acted as role models (Cohen's d = 0.62, P <.001), inspired a shared vision (d = 0.43, P =.005), challenged current processes (d = 0.60, P <.001), enabled others to act (d = 0.51, P =.001), and encouraged others by recognizing or celebrating their contributions and accomplishments (d = 0.49, P =.002). Through short on-site evaluation forms (scale of 1-10), trainees rated summer course sessions as useful (mean, 7.5; SD = 0.2), with very good content (mean, 8.5; SD = 0.6) and delivered by very good professors (mean, 8.6; SD = 0.6), though they highlighted areas for improvement. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH: The PH-LEADER program is a promising strategy to build implementation research and leadership capacity to address noncommunicable diseases in LMICs

Reflexiones y aportaciones metodológicas

los aportes reunidos en esta obra, provienen de experiencias previas de trabajo profesional y de investigación, lo cual es resultado de distintos enfoques y vivencias de los grupos de investigación aquí involucrados, los que han interactuado en distintos eventos académicos y específicamente, en seminarios que propiciaron la producción que se reúne en esta publicación colectiva. Finalmente, esta experiencia acumulada es una de las mejores recomendaciones para la lectura por demás interesante y propositivo.El presente libro, identifica los aportes metodológicos del trabajo cotidiano en diferentes capítulos para integrarlos a los propios de las disciplinas del diseño. Asimismo, uno de los capítulos aborda la necesidad de estudiar un contexto de referencia que el destinatario pueda interpretar, entre un canal físico y una conexión psicológica a modo de estrategia interpretativa individual y colectiva. Este discurso, sostienen los coautores, se enmarca en la hermenéutica y dentro de lo colectivo, ya que este proceso se estudia desde las aportaciones del interaccionismo simbólico. Se abandona la construcción de las utopías, a la vez que busca soluciones diseñísticas, actuales y novedosas. Es así que el sentido del mensaje del objeto de diseño como texto conlleva un discurso que no “es realizado por el emisor, sino por el receptor y es la enunciación, narración y reconfiguración de los textos, en donde el discurso conforma una determinada idea de la realidad”

Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina

The population of Argentina is the result of the intermixing between several groups, including Indigenous American, European and African populations. Despite the commonly held idea that the population of Argentina is of mostly European origin, multiple studies have shown that this process of admixture had an impact in the entire Argentine population. In the present study we characterized the distribution of Indigenous American, European and African ancestry among individuals from different regions of Argentina and evaluated the level of discrepancy between self-reported grandparental origin and genetic ancestry estimates. A set of 99 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sample of 441 Argentine individuals to estimate genetic ancestry. We used non-parametric tests to evaluate statistical significance. The average ancestry for the Argentine sample overall was 65% European (95%CI: 63–68%), 31% Indigenous American (28–33%) and 4% African (3–4%). We observed statistically significant differences in European ancestry across Argentine regions [Buenos Aires province (BA) 76%, 95%CI: 73–79%; Northeast (NEA) 54%, 95%CI: 49–58%; Northwest (NWA) 33%, 95%CI: 21–41%; South 54%, 95%CI: 49–59%; p<0.0001] as well as between the capital and immediate suburbs of Buenos Aires city compared to more distant suburbs [80% (95%CI: 75–86%) versus 68% (95%CI: 58–77%), p = 0.01]. European ancestry among individuals that declared all grandparents born in Europe was 91% (95%CI: 88–94%) compared to 54% (95%CI: 51–57%) among those with no European grandparents (p<0.001). Our results demonstrate the range of variation in genetic ancestry among Argentine individuals from different regions in the country, highlighting the importance of taking this variation into account in genetic association and admixture mapping studies in this population

Adaptación a los cambios ambientales y territoriales

En este libro se abordan temáticas que destacan la adaptación de los distintos sectores de población a los cambios ambientales y territoriales, la cual muestra las respuestas a la incidencia de los estímulos del entorno, económico, social y ambiental. Así, se destaca la exposición de la población a los efectos destructivos de las amenazas y peligros naturales, lo que ha despertado interés en conocer sus causas, prevenir y mitigar el daño. A través de la revisión de estudios se induce la aprehensión de un tema que adquiere importancia en el contexto de los impactos globales, regionales y locales que se producen como consecuencia de la vulnerabilidad estructural característica de los países en desarrollo.En este libro se proponen estrategias de prevención ante la ocurrencia periódica de inundación en San Mateo Atenco, Estado de México y se analizan los factores sociales que inciden en el deterioro del bosque templado en San Lorenzo Huitzitzilapan. También se exponen soluciones para que se mejoren la condición del bosque y la calidad de vida de la población.Proyecto realizado con financiamiento de la Secretaría de Educación Pública-Subsecretaría de Educación Superior-Dirección General de Educación Superior Universitaria. Número del convenio con la SEP: 2017-15-001-017

Pandemia desde la academia: experiencias transdisciplinarias de la universidad cuencana en tiempos de COVID-19

Pandemia es una palabra con origen profundo que en el tiempo se ha cargado con la historia de pueblos y naciones, alcanzando su plena expresión en nuestra sociedad globalizada. No solamente por las estadísticas que atraen la atención de todo el mundo y nos obligan a razonar de manera lógico-numérica, cuantitativa, olvidando que muchas veces los números son personas, y no rinden la justa cuenta de todos aquellos seres humanos que representan estas cifras. Una pandemia logra su máxima expresión al alcanzar el mayor número de personas, esto refleja en su etimología proveniente del griego pan (todo) y demos (pueblo) y desde sus orígenes ha significado principalmente una cosa, la “reunión del pueblo”. Dicha noción invita a reflexionar sobre el porqué de las medidas sanitarias, del aislamiento y confinamiento, y, más aún, nos recuerda la importancia de la unión como decisión ancestral al origen de nuestras sociedades, columna portante de la familia, fortaleza de cualquier sistema en desequilibrio. Reconociendo esto, se evidencia la capacidad de transformar juntos las debilidades en fortalezas, de saber demostrar nuestro mejor impulso a la solidaridad y colaboración cuando sentimos que nos necesitan, que permite terminar con alegría un capítulo con la seguridad de que el próximo será mucho mejor. Este espíritu es responsable de la iniciativa de quienes enfrentamos los desafíos del contexto desde la unión, con la aspiración de formar seres humanos en un espacio compartido de generación de conocimiento y conformación de valores humanos y sociales que llamamos Universidad