17 research outputs found

    Total Phenolics Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Some Plants from the Yotoco National Protected Forest. Valle del Cauca, Colombia

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    Determining the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content are routine procedures in most natural product laboratories; however, when dealing with large number of samples, it is necessary to employ methods that allow a quick, easy and economical screening. The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content of plant species as criteria for the selection of promising species. To reach this aim, we used twenty species from Yotoco National Protected Forest in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The species Clidemia tococoidea and Miconia aeruginosa, showed the highest total phenolic content together with the best antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The excellent correlation (R2=0.9610) shown between these parameters, demonstrated the utility of the process used as a method for primary screening and selection of promising species for phytochemical analysis at a preparative scale for this two assays

    Variables de operaci贸n en el proceso de transesterificaci贸n de aceites vegetales: una revisi贸n - cat谩lisis qu铆mica

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    Este art铆culo presenta los resultados de una revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica de los efectos de las variables de operaci贸n sobre el rendi- miento en la transesterificaci贸n qu铆mica de aceites vegetales. Las variables estudiadas fueron: temperatura y tiempo de reacci贸n, concentraci贸n molar alcohol:aceite vegetal, tipo de alcohol, tipo de catalizador, concentraci贸n de catalizador, intensidad del mezclado, y concentraci贸n de 谩cidos grasos libre y humedad. Tambi茅n se reporta que este proceso se ha llevado a cabo em- pleando catalizadores 谩cidos y b谩sicos, a trav茅s de procesos catal铆ticos homog茅neos y heterog茅neos, para una amplia variedad de aceites. Se encontr贸 que el rendimiento de la reacci贸n se incrementa cuando la temperatura y el tiempo de reacci贸n aumen- ta, pero disminuye a bajas concentraciones de catalizador ( and lt; 0,5% w/w) y altos contenidos de 谩cidos grasos libres ( and gt; 1% w/w) y humedad ( and gt; 3% w/w) en el aceite.This article describes the results of a bibliographic review of the effects of operation conditions on process yield in the chemical transesterification of vegetable oil. The parameters studied were: temperature and time reaction, alcohol:oil molar ratio, catalyst and alcohol type, catalyst concentration, mixed intensity and free fatty acid and water concentration. It also reports that this pro- cess has been carried out with basic and acid catalysts using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes for a wide va- riety of oils. It was found that reaction yield increased when temperature and time reaction increased; however this parameter de- creased at low catalyst concentration ( 1% w/w) and water ( and gt; 3% w/w) concentration in oil

    Operation variables in transesterification of vegetable oil: an enzymatic catalysis review

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    This paper presents the results of a literature review regarding how operating conditions influence vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification yield. The following parameters were studied: temperature and time reaction, alcohol: oil molar ratio, alcohol type, biocatalyst type and concentration, solvent, mixed intensity, reagent purity and free fatty acid and moisture concentration. Yields greater than 90% can be achieved in the enzymatic catalyst of vegetable oil using 35-50掳C temperatures, long time reactions (7- 90h) and a 3:1alcohol: vegetable oil molar ratio; however, such values would intrinsically depend on the type of lipase and oil u- sed. It was also found that free fatty acid and moisture concentration were parameters which did not require rigorous control due to high enzyme specificity. Lipases immobilised from Pseudomona cepacia bacteria and Rhizopus orizae fungi were most used in vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification

    Variables de operaci贸n en el proceso de transesterificaci贸n de aceites vegetales: una revisi贸n - cat谩lisis qu铆mica

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    ABSTRACT This article describes the results of a bibliographic review of the effects of operation conditions on process yield in the chemical transesterification of vegetable oil. The parameters studied were: temperature and time reaction, alcohol:oil molar ratio, catalyst and alcohol type, catalyst concentration, mixed intensity and free fatty acid and water concentration. It also reports that this process has been carried out with basic and acid catalysts using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes for a wide variety of oils. It was found that reaction yield increased when temperature and time reaction increased; however this parameter decreased at low catalyst concentration ( 1% w/w) and water (> 3% w/w) concentration in oil.Este art铆culo presenta los resultados de una revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica de los efectos de las variables de operaci贸n sobre el rendimiento en la transesterificaci贸n qu铆mica de aceites vegetales. Las variables estudiadas fueron: temperatura y tiempo de reacci贸n, concentraci贸n molar alcohol:aceite vegetal, tipo de alcohol, tipo de catalizador, concentraci贸n de catalizador, intensidad del mezclado, y concentraci贸n de 谩cidos grasos libre y humedad. Tambi茅n se reporta que este proceso se ha llevado a cabo empleando catalizadores 谩cidos y b谩sicos, a trav茅s de procesos catal铆ticos homog茅neos y heterog茅neos, para una amplia variedad de aceites. Se encontr贸 que el rendimiento de la reacci贸n se incrementa cuando la temperatura y el tiempo de reacci贸n aumenta, pero disminuye a bajas concentraciones de catalizador ( 1% w/w) y humedad (> 3% w/w) en el aceite

    Variables de operaci贸n en el proceso de transesterificaci贸n de aceites vegetales: una revisi贸n - cat谩lisis qu铆mica

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    Este art铆culo presenta los resultados de una revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica de los efectos de las variables de operaci贸n sobre el rendi- miento en la transesterificaci贸n qu铆mica de aceites vegetales. Las variables estudiadas fueron: temperatura y tiempo de reacci贸n, concentraci贸n molar alcohol:aceite vegetal, tipo de alcohol, tipo de catalizador, concentraci贸n de catalizador, intensidad del mezclado, y concentraci贸n de 谩cidos grasos libre y humedad. Tambi茅n se reporta que este proceso se ha llevado a cabo em- pleando catalizadores 谩cidos y b谩sicos, a trav茅s de procesos catal铆ticos homog茅neos y heterog茅neos, para una amplia variedad de aceites. Se encontr贸 que el rendimiento de la reacci贸n se incrementa cuando la temperatura y el tiempo de reacci贸n aumen- ta, pero disminuye a bajas concentraciones de catalizador ( 1% w/w) y humedad (> 3% w/w) en el aceite

    Variables de operaci贸n en el proceso de transesterificaci贸n de aceites vegetales: una revisi贸n - cat谩lisis enzim谩tica

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    En este art铆culo se presentan los resultados de la revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica sobre la influencia de variables tales como temperatura y tiempo de reacci贸n, tipo de alcohol, concentraci贸n molar alcohol: aceite vegetal, tipo y concentraci贸n de biocatalizador, solvente, intensidad del mezclado, pureza de los reactivos, y concentraci贸n de 谩cidos grasos libres y humedad, sobre el rendimiento en la producci贸n de biodiesel por transesterificaci贸n enzim谩tica de aceites vegetales. En la cat谩lisis enzim谩tica de aceites vegetales se pueden alcanzar rendimientos superiores al 90%, utilizando temperaturas entre 35-50 掳C, tiempos largos de reacci贸n (7-90h) y una relaci贸n molar alcohol: aceite vegetal de 3:1; sin embargo, dichos valores depender谩n intr铆nsecamente del tipo de lipasa y aceites utilizados. Adem谩s, se encontr贸 que el contenido de 谩cidos grasos y de humedad no son par谩metros que requieran un control riguroso debido a la alta especificidad de las enzimas. Las lipasas inmovilizadas de la bacteria Pseudomonas cepacia y del hongo Rhizopus orizae son las m谩s utilizadas en la transesterificaci贸n enzim谩tica de aceites vegetales.This paper presents the results of a literature review regarding how operating conditions influence vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification yield. The following parameters were studied: temperature and time reaction, alcohol: oil molar ratio, alcohol type, biocatalyst type and concentration, solvent, mixed intensity, reagent purity and free fatty acid and moisture concentration. Yields greater than 90% can be achieved in the enzymatic catalyst of vegetable oil using 35-50掳C temperatures, long time reactions (7- 90h) and a 3:1alcohol: vegetable oil molar ratio; however, such values would intrinsically depend on the type of lipase and oil u- sed. It was also found that free fatty acid and moisture concentration were parameters which did not require rigorous control due to high enzyme specificity. Lipases immobilised from Pseudomona cepacia bacteria and Rhizopus orizae fungi were most used in vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification

    Variables de operaci贸n en el proceso de transesterificaci贸n de aceites vegetales: una revisi贸n - cat谩lisis enzim谩tica

    No full text
    This paper presents the results of a literature review regarding how operating conditions influence vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification yield. The following parameters were studied: temperature and time reaction, alcohol:oil molar ratio, alcohol type, biocatalyst type and concentration, solvent, mixed intensity, reagent purity and free fatty acid and moisture concentration. Yields greater than 90% can be achieved in the enzymatic catalyst of vegetable oil using 35-50掳C temperatures, long time reactions (7- 90h) and a 3:1alcohol:vegetable oil molar ratio; however, such values would intrinsically depend on the type of lipase and oil used. It was also found that free fatty acid and moisture concentration were parameters which did not require rigorous control due to high enzyme specificity. Lipases immobilised from Pseudomona cepacia bacteria and Rhizopus orizae fungi were most used in vegetable oil enzymatic transesterification.En este art铆culo se presentan los resultados de la revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica sobre la influencia de variables tales como temperatura y tiempo de reacci贸n, tipo de alcohol, concentraci贸n molar alcohol:aceite vegetal, tipo y concentraci贸n de biocatalizador, solvente, intensidad del mezclado, pureza de los reactivos, y concentraci贸n de 谩cidos grasos libres y humedad, sobre el rendimiento en la producci贸n de biodiesel por transesterificaci贸n enzim谩tica de aceites vegetales. En la cat谩lisis enzim谩tica de aceites vegetales se pueden alcanzar rendimientos superiores al 90%, utilizando temperaturas entre 35-50 掳C, tiempos largos de reacci贸n (7-90h) y una relaci贸n molar alcohol:aceite vegetal de 3:1; sin embargo, dichos valores depender谩n intr铆nsecamente del tipo de lipasa y aceites utilizados. Adem谩s, se encontr贸 que el contenido de 谩cidos grasos y de humedad no son par谩metros que requieran un control riguroso debido a la alta especificidad de las enzimas. Las lipasas inmovilizadas de la bacteria Pseudomonas cepacia y del hongo Rhizopus orizae son las m谩s utilizadas en la transesterificaci贸n enzim谩tica de aceites vegetales

    Optimizaci贸n del proceso foto-fenton solar para el tratamiento de agua contaminada con carbofurano

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    Se desarroll贸 una metodolog铆a de superficie de respuesta, dise帽o Box-Benkhen, con el fin de optimizar el proceso foto-Fenton para la degradaci贸n de carbofurano (C12H15NO3)聽 usando una planta piloto de colectores solares cilindro-parab贸licos. El modelo Box-Benkhen incluy贸 cuatro variables: porcentaje de degradaci贸n de carbofurano, concentraci贸n inicial de carbofurano, concentraci贸n de per贸xido de hidr贸geno [H2O2] y concentraci贸n de hierro [Fe2+]. El proceso de degradaci贸n fue monitoreado a trav茅s de la concentraci贸n de carbono org谩nico total y cromatograf铆a l铆quida de alta resoluci贸n. Los resultados mostraron que una concentraci贸n de 93,2 mg l-1 de carbofurano se degrad贸 completamente en un tiempo t30W = 15 min con 17,1 mg l-1 de Fe2+ y 121,6 mg l-1 de H2O2. El proceso foto-Fenton alcanz贸 76,7% de mineralizaci贸n. La biodegradabilidad fue evaluada usando la relaci贸n DBO5/DQO; este valor increment贸 desde 0,04 hasta 0,52 en t30W = 20 min, mostrando la posibilidad de usar un tratamiento biol贸gico a partir de ese momento.Box-Benkhen design response-surface methodology was developed to optimise photo-Fenton degradation of carbofuran (C12H15NO3) by using a compound parabolic collector pilot plant. The four variables considered in Box-Benkhen design model included carbofuran degradation percentage, initial carbofuran concentration, hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] concentration and iron [Fe2+] concentration. Degradation was monitored by using total organic carbon concentration and high-performance liquid chromatography. A 93.2 mg l-1 carbofuran concentration was completely degraded in t30W = 15 min with 17.1 mg l-1 Fe2+ and 121.6 mg l-1 H2O2. Photo-Fenton degradation led to 76.7% mineralisation. Biodegradability during optimisation was evaluated by using the BOD5/COD ratio; this value increased from 0.04 at the beginning of the process to 0.52 in t30W = 20 min, thereby showing the effectiveness of using biological treatments
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