Keelekasutuse aluspõhimõtted Eesti Vabariigi põhiseaduses ja nende rakendamine

Artiklis vaadeldakse keelekasutust sätestavaid norme Eesti Vabariigi põhiseaduses, et välja selgitada, mil määral tagavad need eesti keele kasutamise kõigis olulisemates eluvaldkondades; kas need on piisavad eesti keele arendamiseks ja kaitsmiseks ning isikute keeleõiguste tagamiseks.Põhiseaduse keelesätete analüüs näitab, et keelekasutuse põhimõtted on põhiseaduses kirjas piisava selguse ning üksikasjalikkusega, võimaldades täita põhiseaduse preambulis seatud eesmärki tagada eesti rahvuse, keele ja kultuuri säilimine läbi aegade. Eesti keele kasutamine on tagatud põhiseaduslike institutsioonide tegevuses ning enamikus eluvaldkondades. Mõnes valdkonnas (kohalike omavalitsuste asjaajamine, haridus, meditsiin) jätab aga põhiseadusega antud eesti keele kasutamise võimaluste rakendamine soovida.Neid puudujääke on üritatud korvata riikliku keelejärelevalvega, kuid keelepoliitika heitlikkust, õigusaktides esinevaid puudujääke ja keeleoskuse probleemidest möödavaatamist ei ole võimalik järelevalvemeetmetega parandada. Põhiseadust aluseks võttes tuleks parandada seadusi ja rakendusakte.Abstract. Ilmar Tomusk: The constitution of the Republic of Estonia on the basic principles of language use, and their application. The article examines the rules of language use provided by the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. The aim of the article is to find out to what extent the rules of language use ensure the use of the Estonian language in all key areas of life, whether they are sufficient for the development and protection of the Estonian language, and whether they guarantee the linguistic rights of individuals.The analysis of the language provisions of the Constitution shows that the key principles of language use are worded with sufficient clarity that they meet the objective set in the preamble of the Constitution to guarantee the preservation of the Estonian people, the Estonian language and the Estonian culture through the ages. The use of the Estonian language is guaranteed in constitutional institutions and also in most areas of life.In some areas (e.g. the administration of local governments, education and health care), however, the implementation of the main constitutional principles of language use on the legislative level is insufficient.Deficiencies in legislation have been compensated for by state language supervision. But the volatility of language policy, deficiencies in language policy planning and the ignoring of language proficiency problems cannot be compensated for by state language supervision. Language legislation should be aligned with the main constitutional principles of language use.Keywords: Constitution; official language; language of public administration; local government; education; health care; state language supervisio

Heterogeneous processor composition: metrics and methods

Heterogeneous processors intended for mobile devices are composed of a number of different CPU cores that enable the processor to optimize performance under strict power limits that vary over time. Design space exploration techniques can be used to discover a candidate set of potential cores that could be implemented on a heterogeneous processor. However, candidate sets contain far more cores than can feasibly be implemented. Heterogeneous processor composition therefore requires solutions to the selection problem and the evaluation problem. Cores must be selected from the candidate set, and these cores must be shown to be quantitatively superior to alternative selections. The qualitative criterion for a selection of cores is diversity. A diverse set of heterogeneous cores allows a processor to execute tasks with varying dynamic behaviors at a range of power and performance levels that are appropriate for conditions during runtime. This thesis presents a detailed description of the selection and evaluation problems, and establishes a theoretical framework for reasoning about the runtime behavior of power-limited, heterogeneous processors. The evaluation problem is specifically concerned with evaluating the collective attributes of selections of cores rather than evaluating the features of individual cores. A suite of metrics is defined to address the evaluation problem. The metrics quantify considerations that could otherwise only be evaluated subjectively. The selection problem is addressed with an iterative, diversity-preserving algorithm that emphasizes the flexibility available to programs at runtime. The algorithm includes facilities for guiding the selection process with information from an expert, when available. Three variations on the selection algorithm are defined. A thorough analysis of the proposed selection algorithm is presented using data from a large-scale simulation involving 33 benchmarks and 3000 core types. The three variations of the algorithm are compared to each other and to current, state-of-the-art selection techniques. The analysis serves as both an evaluation of the proposed algorithm as well as a case study of the metrics

Four Metrics to Evaluate Heterogeneous Multicores

Semiconductor device scaling has made single-ISA heterogeneous processors a reality. Heterogeneous processors contain a number of different CPU cores that all implement the same Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). This enables greater flexibility and specialization, as runtime constraints and workload characteristics can influence which core a given workload is run on. A major roadblock to the further development of heterogeneous processors is the lack of appropriate evaluation metrics. Existing metrics can be used to evaluate individual cores, but to evaluate a heterogeneous processor, the cores must be considered as a collective. Without appropriate metrics, it is impossible to establish design goals for processors, and it is difficult to accurately compare two different heterogeneous processors. We present four new metrics to evaluate user-oriented aspects of sets of heterogeneous cores: localized nonuniformity , gap overhead , set overhead , and generality . The metrics consider sets rather than individual cores. We use examples to demonstrate each metric, and show that the metrics can be used to quantify intuitions about heterogeneous cores. </jats:p

Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype IV in Humans and Cattle, Northern Europe

Streptococcus agalactiae is an emerging pathogen of nonpregnant human adults worldwide and a reemerging pathogen of dairy cattle in parts of Europe. To learn more about interspecies transmission of this bacterium, we compared contemporaneously collected isolates from humans and cattle in Finland and Sweden. Multilocus sequence typing identified 5 sequence types (STs) (ST1, 8, 12, 23, and 196) shared across the 2 host species, suggesting possible interspecies transmission. More than 54% of the isolates belonged to those STs. Molecular serotyping and pilus island typing of those isolates did not differentiate between populations isolated from different host species. Isolates from humans and cattle differed in lactose fermentation, which is encoded on the accessory genome and represents an adaptation to the bovine mammary gland. Serotype IV-ST196 isolates were obtained from multiple dairy herds in both countries. Cattle may constitute a previously unknown reservoir of this strain.Peer reviewe

Extracellular ascorbate modulates glutamate dynamics: role of behavioral activation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A physiological increase in extracellular ascorbate (AA), an antioxidant vitamin found throughout the striatum, elevates extracellular glutamate (GLU). To determine the role of behavioral arousal in this interaction, microdialysis was used to measure striatal GLU efflux in rats tested in either a lights-off or lights-on condition while reverse dialysis either maintained the concentration of AA at 250 μM or increased it to 1000 μM to approximate endogenous changes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When lights were off, both locomotion and GLU increased regardless of AA dose. In contrast, animals in the lights-on condition were behaviorally inactive, and infusion of 1000, but not 250, μM AA significantly increased extracellular GLU. Interestingly, when ambient light returned to the lights-off group, 1000 μM prolonged the GLU increase relative to the 250 μM group.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results not only support evidence that elevated striatal AA increases extracellular GLU but also indicate that this effect depends on behavioral state and the corresponding level of endogenous GLU release.</p