TRPV3 in keratinocytes transmits temperature information to sensory neurons via ATP

Transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and TRPV4 are heat-activated cation channels expressed in keratinocytes. It has been proposed that heat-activation of TRPV3 and/or TRPV4 in the skin may release diffusible molecules which would then activate termini of neighboring dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Here we show that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is such a candidate molecule released from keratinocytes upon heating in the co-culture systems. Using TRPV1-deficient DRG neurons, we found that increase in cytosolic Ca(2+)-concentration in DRG neurons upon heating was observed only when neurons were co-cultured with keratinocytes, and this increase was blocked by P2 purinoreceptor antagonists, PPADS and suramin. In a co-culture of keratinocytes with HEK293 cells (transfected with P2X(2) cDNA to serve as a bio-sensor), we observed that heat-activated keratinocytes secretes ATP, and that ATP release is compromised in keratinocytes from TRPV3-deficient mice. This study provides evidence that ATP is a messenger molecule for mainly TRPV3-mediated thermotransduction in skin. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00424-009-0703-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

DIP/WISH deficiency enhances synaptic function and performance in the Barnes maze

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>DIP (diaphanous interacting protein)/WISH (WASP interacting SH3 protein) is a protein involved in cytoskeletal signaling which regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics and/or microtubules mainly through the activity of Rho-related proteins. Although it is well established that: 1) spine-head volumes change dynamically and reflect the strength of the synapse accompanying long-term functional plasticity of glutamatergic synaptic transmission and 2) actin organization is critically involved in spine formation, the involvement of DIP/WISH in these processes is unknown.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that DIP/WISH-deficient hippocampal CA1 neurons exhibit enhanced long-term potentiation via modulation of both pre- and post-synaptic events. Consistent with these electrophysiological findings, DIP/WISH-deficient mice, particularly at a relatively young age, found the escape hole more rapidly in the Barnes maze test.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that DIP/WISH deletion improves performance in the Barnes maze test in mice probably through increased hippocampal long-term potentiation.</p

キョジュウ ケイタイ カラ ミタ ジョシ ガクセイ ノ ショクイシキ ト ショクコウドウ

居住形態別に食意識・食行動および食物摂取状況を把握するために,栄養士養成課程3年次学生を対象に,食意識と食行動に関する調査と料理単位法による食物摂取状況調査を実施した。居住形態により食事の調理担当者に違いがみられ,「家族と同居」群の場合は自分以外の家族が担当し,昼食も手作り弁当が多くなっていた。昼食に購入品が多い「一人暮らし」群に比べ,昼食においてほとんどの栄養素等摂取量が有意な高値を示し,また,1日当たりの摂取量も有意な高値を示した。1日当たり食品群別摂取量においても「家族と同居」群の方が,米類,いも類,緑黄色野菜類,その他野菜類,きのこ類,海藻類の摂取量が有意に多くなっていた。食事バランスガイドのサービング数でみると,「家族と同居」群でも摂りたい目安のサービング数に比べ主菜以外の摂取が少なく,「一人暮らし」群は,さらに少なくなっていた。「一人暮らし」群の中で食事の栄養バランスが取れていると思う者は15.4%で,「家族と同居」群に比べて低く,有意差が認められた。居住形態にかかわらず食事を改善したいという意欲はあるが,時間やお金の制約により改善できないということが明らかになった。したがって,望ましい食物摂取のためには内食に限らず,中食,外食を含めて,個々が実践できるよう食スキルの育成と食環境を整えていく必要があると考える。The purpose of this study is to determine the current state of dietary consciousness and habits and food intake in relation to living style. A survey on these three factors was administered to 165 college students enrolled in a nutrition course in Tokyo. Compared with students living alone, students living at home often brought their own lunches although they cooked less often. In addition, the intake of nutrients by students living at home was significantly higher. Students living with their family were also found to consume significantly more quantities of rice, potatoes, vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweed. In general, the students were found to consume less than the number of servings for each food group (except for main dishes) recommended in the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top, with students living alone consuming even less. Students who were in control of their dietary habits made up 15.4% of those living alone, and this percentage was significantly lower than of those living at home. Most of the students wanted to follow ideal dietary habits, but could not afford the money and time to do so. The results suggest that the cultivation of an environment that matches participants\u27 characteristics could improve their dietary habits

Viewing images of snakes accelerates making judgements of their colour in humans: red snake effect as an instance of ‘emotional Stroop facilitation’

恐怖を味わうとき人間のこころは活性化する? ヘビのイメージをみるとき判断力は亢進する. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2014-11-06.One of the most prevalent current psychobiological notions about human behaviour and emotion suggests that prioritization of threatening stimuli processing induces deleterious effects on task performance. In order to confirm its relevancy, 108 adults and 25 children were required to name the colour of images of snakes and flowers, using the pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm. When reaction time to answer the colour of each stimulus was measured, its value was found to decrease when snake images were presented when compared with when flower images were presented. Thus, contrary to the expectation from previous emotional Stroop paradigm research, emotions evoked by viewing images of snakes as a biologically relevant threatening stimulus were found to be likely to exert a facilitating rather than interfering effect on making judgements of their colour

Delayed disengagement of attention from snakes in children with autism.

In the visual search task, it is well known that detection of a tilted straight line as the target among vertical lines that act as distractors is easier than vice versa, and that detection of a snake image as the target among flower images is easier than vice versa. In this study, the degree of such search asymmetry was compared between 18 children with autism and 14 typically developing (TD) children. The results revealed that compared to TD children, children with autism were disproportionally slow when asked to detect the flower among the snake images, suggesting the possibility that they experienced difficulty of disengaging their attention from the snake images. This delayed disengagement would serve itself as an enhanced attentional bias toward snakes in children with autism that is similar to characteristics of visual search performance in anxiety patients

Data from: Viewing images of snakes accelerates making judgments of their color in humans: red snake effect as an instance of ‘emotional Stroop facilitation’

One of the most prevalent current psychobiological notions about human behaviour and emotion suggests that prioritization of threatening stimuli processing induces deleterious effects on task performance. In order to confirm its relevancy, 108 adults and 25 children were required to name the colour of images of snakes and flowers, using the pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm. When reaction time to answer the colour of each stimulus was measured, its value was found to decrease when snake images were presented when compared with when flower images were presented. Thus, contrary to the expectation from previous emotional Stroop paradigm research, emotions evoked by viewing images of snakes as a biologically relevant threatening stimulus were found to be likely to exert a facilitating rather than interfering effect on making judgements of their colour

Orthographic reading deficits in dyslexic Japanese children: Examining the transposed-letter effect in the color-word Stroop paradigm

In orthographic reading, the transposed-letter effect (TLE) is the perception of a transposed-letter position word such as "cholocate" as the correct word "chocolate." Although previous studies on dyslexic children using alphabetic languages have reported such orthographic reading deficits, the extent of orthographic reading impairment in dyslexic Japanese children has remained unknown. This study examined the TLE in dyslexic Japanese children using the color-word Stroop paradigm comprising congruent and incongruent Japanese hiragana words with correct and transposed-letter positions. We found that typically developed children exhibited Stroop effects in Japanese hiragana words with both correct and transposed-letter positions, thus indicating the presence of TLE. In contrast, dyslexic children indicated Stroop effects in correct letter positions in Japanese words but not in transposed, which indicated an absence of the TLE. These results suggest that dyslexic Japanese children, similar to dyslexic children using alphabetic languages, may also have a problem with orthographic reading

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