Infecção por Leishmania sp. em cães de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil

The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Leishmania sp. infection in dogs (N = 491) living in the municipality of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, which was considered a disease-free region for visceral leishmaniasis until 2011, when autochthonous cases of canine disease were notified. Seroprevalence in this population was assessed by ELISA (0.4%; 2/491) and IFAT (4.09%; 24/491). Only one dog exhibited seroreactivity in both serological methods, comprising a total of 25 (5.3%) seroreagent animals. Leishmania sp. DNA, obtained from a sample of whole blood of this animal, was amplified by both conventional and Real-Time PCR. Sequencing of the amplified DNA and, thereby, determination of the Leishmania species involved, was not possible. Our results suggest the necessity of a thorough epidemiological investigation in Florianópolis.O objetivo do presente estudo foi pesquisar a ocorrência de infecção por Leishmania sp. em cães (N = 491) domiciliados no município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, considerada uma região indene para leishmaniose visceral até o ano de 2011, quando foram notificados casos autóctones da doença canina. A soroprevalência na população foi avaliada por ELISA (0,4%; 2/491) e RIFI (4,09%; 24/491). Somente um cão apresentou sororeatividade em ambos os métodos sorológicos, totalizando 25 (5,3%) animais sororeagentes. O DNA de Leishmania sp., obtido de uma amostra do sangue total desse animal, foi amplificado por PCR convencional e PCR em Tempo Real. Não foi possível realizar o sequenciamento do DNA amplificado e, deste modo, determinar a espécie de Leishmania envolvida. Os nossos resultados sugerem a necessidade de uma investigação epidemiológica minuciosa em Florianópolis

Canine Antibody Response To Lutzomyia Longipalpis Saliva In Endemic Area Of Visceral Leishmaniasis

Introduction: Canine exposure to Lutzomyia longipalpis bites and the potential of Leishmania infantum transmissibility for the vector were evaluated. Methods: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-Lu longipalpis saliva and -L. infantum, and blood parasite load were determined in dogs from endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis. Results: Blood parasitism was similar between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. IgG anti-L. infantum was higher in symptomatic dogs, but IgG anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva was mostly observed in higher titers in asymptomatic dogs, indicating vector preference for feeding on asymptomatic dogs. Conclusions: Our data suggest a pivotal role of asymptomatic dogs in L. infantum transmission in endemic areas. © 2016, Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. All rights reserved.49336136

Status sorológico e de infecção canina em área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the serological status of dogs living in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area and its correlation with the parasitological condition of the animals. METHODS Canine humoral response was evaluated using the sera of 134 dogs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry to detect parasites in the skin, lymph node, and spleen of the animals. The specific antibodies investigated were IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgE. RESULTS According to the parasitological, laboratory, and clinical findings, the dogs were placed into one of four groups: asymptomatic with (AP+, n = 21) or without (AP-, n = 36) Leishmania tissue parasitism and symptomatic with (SP+, n = 52) or without (SP-, n = 25) parasitism. Higher IgG and IgE levels were positively correlated with the infection condition and parasite load, but not with the clinical status. In all groups, total IgG was the predominant antibody, which occurred at the expense of IgG2 instead of IgG1. Most of the infected dogs tested positive for IgG (SP+, 98.1%; AP+, 95.2%), whereas this was not observed with IgE (SP+, 80.8%; AP+, 71.2%). The most relevant finding was the high positivity of the uninfected dogs for Leishmania-specific IgG (SP-, 60.0%; AP-, 44.4%), IgE (SP-, 44.0%; AP-, 27.8%), IgG1 (SP-, 28.0%; AP-, 22.2%), and IgG2 antibodies (SP-, 56.0%; AP-, 41.7%). CONCLUSIONS The serological status of dogs, as determined by any class or subclass of antibodies, did not accurately distinguish dogs infected with L. (L.) infantum chagasi from uninfected animals. The inaccuracy of the serological result may impair not only the diagnosis, but also epidemiological investigations and strategies for visceral leishmaniasis control. This complex serological scenario occurring in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area highlights the challenges associated with canine diagnosis and points out the difficulties experienced by veterinary clinicians and coordinators of control programs.OBJETIVO Foi investigado o status sorológico de cães, em área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral, e sua correlação com a infecção parasitológica dos animais. MÉTODOS A resposta humoral canina foi avaliada no soro de 134 cães pelo método ELISA e pela imuno-histoquímica, para detectar parasitos na pele, linfonodo e baço desses animais. Os anticorpos específicos investigados foram IgG, IgG1, IgG2 e IgE. RESULTADOS De acordo com os achados parasitológicos, laboratoriais e clínicos, os cães foram alocados em um dos quatro grupos: assintomáticos com (AP+, n = 21) e sem (AP-, n = 36) parasitismo tecidual por Leishmania e sintomáticos com (SP+, n = 52) ou sem (SP-, n = 25) parasitismo. Níveis mais elevados de IgG e IgE se correlacionaram positivamente com o status de infecção e a carga parasitária, mas não com a condição clínica. Em todos os grupos, IgG total foi o anticorpo predominante, com maior concentração de IgG2 que IgG1. O anticorpo IgG foi positivo em proporção elevada nos animais infectados (SP+ 98,1%; AP+ 95,2%), mas não o IgE (SP+ 80,8%; AP+ 71,2%). O achado mais relevante refere-se aos cães não infectados que apresentaram elevada positividade para anticorpos IgG anti-Leishmania (SP- 60,0%; AP- 44,4%), IgE (SP- 44,0%; AP- 27,8%), IgG1 (SP- 28,0%; AP- 22,2%) e IgG2 (SP- 56,0%; AP- 41,7%). CONCLUSÕES O status sorológico dos cães, determinado por qualquer classe ou subclasse de anticorpos, não distinguiu com acurácia cães infectados por L. (L.) infantum chagasi daqueles não infectados. A imprecisão do resultado sorológico pode prejudicar não só o diagnóstico, mas também as investigações epidemiológicas e as estratégias para o controle da leishmaniose visceral. Esse complexo cenário sorológico observado na área endêmica mostra quão desafiador é o diagnóstico canino, e aponta a dificuldade enfrentada pelos médicos veterinários e coordenadores dos programas de controle

食餌蛋白質がマウスの肝キサンチン酸化酵素活性および血清蛋白質等に与える影響(B. 生活科学)

肝キサンチン酸化酵素(肝X-O)活性が, 食餌蛋白質の栄養価に比例的関係を有することから, 本酵素の活性値測定が蛋白質の栄養価の判定の一手段として用いられている。また, 食餌蛋白質の欠乏時において, 血清蛋白質, 特にアルブミン対グロブリン比(A/G比)が低下することが知られている。そこで, 本実験でに, 実験動物としてマウスを用い, 食餌蛋白質の良否による肝X-O活性および, A/G比に与える影響を比較した結果, 体重の測定と合せて, 肝X-O活性とA/G比を測定することにより, 成長の早いマウスを用いて, 短期間に食餌蛋白質の良否の判定が出来ることを認めた

Isolation and Characterization of Motile Group N Streptococci

運動性レンサ球菌について,前報で分類不明として報告した3株について,さらに詳細に血清学的,生理学的性状試験を行なって同定を試みた。また,これらの株の形態学的観察およびこれと同じN群運動性レンサ球菌の分布調査を原料乳について行なった。それらの成績は以下のように要約される。 1. 前回,分類不明として報告した3株の同定試験の結果,何れもN群のStreptococcus lactisであることが判明した。運動性S. lactisの存在を明らかにしたのはこれが最初と考えられる。 2. べん毛染色および電子顕微鏡による観察の結果,S. lactisのべん毛形態はS. faeciumのそれと同じであった。これらの株のべん毛の長さは5～10μ,波長2.5～3.0μ,振幅は0.7～0.8μ,べん毛数は双球菌で多いものは10本であり,周毛性であった。 3. 暗視野顕微鏡による運動形式の観察では,他の有べん毛菌に比べて動きはゆるやかであった。 4. わが国および西ドイツにおける原料乳についての調査で,運動性S. faeciumは多数検出されたが,目的とする運動性S. lactisは検出できなかった。 すなわち,運動性N群レンサ球菌の存在はやはり少ないようである。1. As the results of detailed examinations on the three strains of motile streptococci described as yet unclassified cultures in our previous paper9), it was proved that these strains must be identified as Streptococcus lactis. The present paper may describe the first recognition of motile S. lactis. 2. Under observation with flagella stain and electron microscopy, the findings on the flagella of S. lactis were similar to those of the S. faecium. The flagella revealed the following features: 5－10µ in length; 2.5－3.0µ in wavelength; 0.7－0.8µ in amplitude; up to 10 per diplococcal form and in the peritrichous arrangements. 3. In the observations of the moving pattern of the motile streptococci under dark-field microscopy, the movement of the cultures appeared to be rather gentle compared to those of the other group of motile bacteria. 4. Based on the results mentioned above, further investigations were conducted to survey the distribution of motile S. lactis in raw milk in Japan and in West Germany. Although many strains of motile S. faecium were detected, no strains of motile S. lactis were detected even in the results of the present surveys. It may be, therefore, supposed that the distribution and the occurrence of motile group N streptococci is rather seldom.本研究の一部は乳酸菌研究会助成金によるものである

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages inversely correlates with parasitism of lymphoid tissues in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud There are only a few studies reporting the role of nitric oxide metabolites for controlling macrophage intracellular parasitism, and these are controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lymph nodes and spleen of dogs affected by visceral leishmaniasis through immunohistochemistry and to determine its correlation with tissue parasite burden and serum interferon (IFN)-γ levels. Twenty-eight dogs were selected and assigned to one of two groups, symptomatic (n = 18) and asymptomatic (n = 10), according to clinical status and laboratory evaluation. A negative control group (n = 6) from a non-endemic region for visceral leishmaniasis was included as well.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Parasite density (amastigotes/mm2) was similar between clinical groups in the lymph nodes (P = 0.2401) and spleen (P = 0.8869). The density of iNOS+ cells was higher in infected dogs compared to controls (P < 0.05), without a significant difference in lymph node (P = 0.3257) and spleen (P = 0.5940) densities between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. A positive correlation was found between the number of iNOS+ cells in lymph nodes and interferon-γ levels (r = 0.3776; P = 0.0303), and there was a negative correlation between parasites and iNOS+ cell densities both in lymph nodes (r = −0.5341; P = 0.0034) and spleen (r = −0.4669; P = 0.0329).\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud The negative correlation observed between tissue parasitism and the expression of iNOS may be a reflection of NO acting on the control of parasites.CNP

COMPETITIVIDADE INTERNACIONAL NA PRODUÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTOS

Based on the suppliers and customers globalization, together with the global logistics network improvement and the real time information flow, the companies are being structured under a global manufacturing center model. The country definition of where these centers are going to be located has reached a strategic relevance with a high impact on the business bottom line. In international competition scenario, where usually affiliates from the same organization fight for the investment on manufacturing capacity. The paper aim to indentify the determinants factors to attract international investments to produce drugs in Brazil. The methodology used was the qualitative exploratory research; where a semi-structured survey was send to multinational pharmaceutical industry executives from Boehringer, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis e Wyeth for primary data collection, complemented by bibliography and documental research for secondary data. The main result was the creation of a positive agenda to increase the pharmaceutical industry investment in Brazil, working on the following aspects: a) Professional qualification; b) Logistics infrastructure; c) Industrial infrastructure; d) Regulation; e) Tax system review; e f) Intellectual property.Con la globalización de los proveedores y consumidores, junto con la mejora de la red logística internacional y facilitar el flujo de información en tiempo real, en la quela empresas se han estructurado en los centros de producción mundial. Por lo tanto, la definición de país de ubicación de estos centros ha adquirido una importancia estratégica en los resultados empresariales de alto impacto. En este escenario de competitividad internacional, ya que a menudo filiales de la misma empresa multinacional que compiten por la inversión en la expansión de la capacidad productiva, es esencial para identificar los factores de competitividad. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los factores de atracción de inversiones en la producción de medicamentos en Brasil. El método utilizado fue una investigación cualitativa exploratoria, a través de un cuestionario semi estructurado con los ejecutivos de las multinacionales farmacéuticas Boehringer, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis y Wyeth para la recolección de datos primarios, y mediante la consulta dela bibliografía y la documentación de los datos secundarios. El principal resultado fue la creación de una agenda positiva para aumentar el potencial de atracción de inversiones de Brasil, que cubre los siguientes aspectos: a) la formación profesional b) Infraestructura logística c) Infraestructura Industrial d) Aspectos reglamentarios; e) Revisión de la carga impuesto f) de la propiedad intelectual.Com a globalização dos mercados fornecedores e consumidores, juntamente com a melhoria da malha logística internacional e a facilidade do fluxo de informações em tempo real, em que por meio da rede mundial de computadores, as empresas vêm se estruturando em centros globais de manufatura. Com isso, a definição do país de localização destes centros ganhou uma relevância estratégica de grande impacto nos resultados do negócio. Nesse cenário de competitividade internacional, em que muitas vezes filiais de uma mesma empresa multinacional disputam pelos investimentos em ampliação da capacidade produtiva, é fundamental identificar os fatores de competitividade do país. O objetivo desse artigo é analisar a atual dinâmica da indústria farmacêutica, identificando os países que mais têm atraído investimento em manufatura e os principais fatores determinantes na atração de investimentos em produção de medicamentos no que os tornam atrativos e, com isso, comparar a situação do Brasil. frente a estes países com relação a estes fatores. O método utilizado foi a pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, por meio de um questionário semi-estruturado com executivos das multinacionais farmacêuticas Boehringer, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis e Wyeth para coleta dos dados primários e, por meio de consulta bibliográfica e documental para os dados secundários. O principal resultado foi a criação de uma agenda positiva para elevar o potencial de atração de investimentos do Brasil que trata trabalhando dos seguintes aspectos: a) Capacitação profissional; b) Infra-estrutura logística; c) Infra-estrutura industrial d) Aspectos regulatórios; e) Revisão da carga tributária e f) Propriedade intelectual

21セイキ ノ カンドウミャク インターベンション

Coronary intervention has come to achieve good results with the use of new devices, such as Rotablator (ROTA), new directional coronary atherectomy (DCA), and a special guide wire, even for lesions in which good results were not obtained with plain old balloon angioplasty. In the present study, we evaluated the initial results in patients who underwent ROTA procedures, coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion (CTO), and new DCA procedures in our hospital between January and December 2001. (1) There were 99 patients who underwent ROTA, with an average age of 68±12 years, a lesion length of 15.9±9.9 mm, a reference vessel diameter of 2.7±0.6 mm, and a success rate of 98%. Among these 99 patients, there were 82 patients (83%) with B2 or C type lesion, which is difficult to treat. (2) There were 61 patients with CTO who underwent coronary intervention, with an average age of 63±9 years, an occlusion length of 22.8±13.3 mm, a reference vessel diameter of 2.6±0.7 mm, and a success rate of 82%. (3) There were 5 patients who underwent DCA for ostial lesion of left anterior desending artery and the target lesion was successfully dilated in all these patients. These results indicated that new devices for coronary intervention have made it possible to treat a wider range of lesions, but restenosis still remains to be solved. In Europe and the U.S.A., restenosis is reported to have been drastically reduced by drug eluting stents, which are expected to be introduced in Japan in the future