Disease Complementarities and the Evaluation of Public Health Interventions

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical investigation of the positive complementarities between disease-specific policies introduced by competing risks of mortality. The incentive to invest in prevention against one cause of death depends positively on the level of survival from other causes. This means that a specific public health intervention has benefits other than the direct medical reduction in mortality: it affects the incentives to fight other diseases so the overall reduction in mortality will, in general, be larger than that predicted by the direct medical effects. We discuss evidence of these cross-disease effects by using data on neo-natal tetanus vaccination through the Expanded Programme on Immunization of the World Health Organization.

Entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurship’s potential in East Timor

Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a critical factor in promoting innovation, productivity, creating employment opportunities and economic development of a country. Entrepreneurship is defined as the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the financial risks, psychological and social correspondents, and the consequences of getting satisfaction and independence (Hisrich et al, 2009). In the current environment it is important for a young country like East Timor to promote entrepreneurship as a key opportunity, in order to increase the number of individuals with individual initiative, i.e. entrepreneurs who take responsibility for economic development and job creation for the working population. But, since this is a new social and political challenge, are the East Timorese really sensitive and receptive to the idea of become entrepreneurs? The present study aims to understand the attitudes and values of the East Timorese students in relation to entrepreneurship. Taking as a starting point a survey set to study the potential of entrepreneurship among university students in East Timor, the paper presents and discusses the results obtained on various issues such as entrepreneurial intention, predisposition, risk disposition, and personality traits and skills. Our sample involves 140 students from National University of Timor Lorosa’e with no experience in entrepreneurial courses, divided into engineering students and economics students. East Timorese students report good entrepreneurial intentions but when asked to choose one investment option they hesitate between invest in an own business or invest in an investment fund. The risk disposition of students was measured through an index of entrepreneur risk disposition and results indicated good levels of risk disposition. East Timorese students present high levels of self-efficacy, endurance and autonomy. They also report good perceived levels of technical skills but admitted lower perceived financial skills. During the analysis, several differences were identified concerning students’ gender, course or having self-employed parents. The study indicated a high entrepreneur potential among East Timorese university students and the results give an important contribution to the theme of Entrepreneurship in East Timor. The results presented are preliminary and require more careful analysis

Projeto EmpreendeTIMOR : um contributo para a promoção do empreendedorismo em Timor-Leste

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Industrial (área de especialização em Avaliação e Gestão de Projetos e da Inovação)O Governo de Timor-Leste reconhece a importância do sector privado para o desenvolvimento da economia do país e definiu um programa de várias iniciativas para garantir o crescimento do sector privado nas áreas rurais e urbanas, como por exemplo alterações legislativas, criação de apoios financeiros, e agilização de processos de criação de empresas. Dadas as limitações de emprego existentes em Timor-Leste, é necessário reconhecer a atitude individual de empreendedorismo e promover esta nova dinâmica de criação de emprego. O empreendedorismo tem sido reconhecido como fonte de bases sustentadoras na promoção da inovação, da criação de oportunidades, da sustentabilidade local e do desenvolvimento sócio-económico de um país. A presente investigação pretende contribuir para a discussão da temática do empreendedorismo em Timor-Leste. O Projeto EmpreendeTIMOR compreendeu a implementação de dois questionários. O primeiro questionário foi realizado junto de 140 estudantes do ensino superior, com o objetivo de compreender as suas intenções e atitudes empreendedoras. Os resultados evidenciam uma elevada intenção empreendedora dos estudantes, em simultâneo com uma baixa predisposição para o empreendedorismo. Identificam-se diferenças em função da área do curso e do género. Os estudantes também apresentam níveis elevados de autoeficácia, autonomia e resiliência. Mas embora confiantes em relação às suas competências técnicas, os estudantes reconhecem a existência de problemas nas competências financeiras. O segundo questionário foi realizado junto de 123 professores universitários timorenses, com o objetivo de compreender as perceções dos mesmos em relação ao empreendedorismo. Os resultados sugerem uma boa imagem do empreendedorismo, ainda que com resultados contraditórios em algumas afirmações. Os professores revelam uma baixa predisposição ao risco, no entanto, quando questionados sobre as competências dos seus alunos, revelam uma elevada confiança nas competências dos mesmos. Em relação ao papel da universidade na promoção do empreendedorismo, os professores de forma expressiva reconhecem a sua importância e pertinência. Concordam com um papel mais interveniente da universidade na promoção do empreendedorismo, incluindo a sua própria participação.The Government of Timor-Leste recognizes the importance of the private sector for the development of the economy. Therefore, it was established a development program with several initiatives to ensure the growth of the private sector in rural and urban areas, such as legislative changes, creation of financial support, and faster process enterprise creation. Given the limitations of existing employment in Timor-Leste, it is necessary to recognize the individual attitude of entrepreneurship and promote this new dynamic of job creation. Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a source of sustaining basis in fostering innovation, creating opportunities, local sustainability and socioeconomic development of a country. This research aims to contribute to the discussion of the theme of entrepreneurship in East Timor. The Project EmpreendeTIMOR included the implementation of two different surveys. The first survey was conducted among 140 undergraduate students, in order to understand their intentions and entrepreneurial attitudes. The results show a high entrepreneurial intention of students and simultaneously a low predisposition to entrepreneurship. It also identified differences related to the area of the course and gender. Students also have high levels of self-efficacy, autonomy and resilience. Although confident about their technical skills, students recognize the existence of problems in financial skills. The second survey was conducted among 123 Timorese university professors, with the goal of understanding the perceptions of themselves in relation to entrepreneurship. The results suggest a good image of entrepreneurship, even with contradictory results in some statements. Teachers show a low risk predisposition, but a high confidence in the skills of their students. Regarding the role of universities in promoting entrepreneurship, teachers expressively recognize its importance and relevance, and agree with a more proactive role of the university in promoting entrepreneurship, including their own participation

Project EmpreedeTIMOR: how to promote entrepreneurship among students?

Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a critical factor in promoting innovation, productivity, creating employment opportunities and economic development of a country. In the current environment it is important for a young country like East Timor to promote entrepreneurship as a key opportunity, in order to increase the number of individuals with individual initiative, i.e. entrepreneurs who take responsibility for economic development and job creation for the working population. The present study aims to understand the attitudes and values of the East Timorese students in relation to entrepreneurship. Taking as a starting point a survey set to study the potential of entrepreneurship among university students in East Timor, the paper presents and discusses the results obtained on various issues such as entrepreneurial intention, predisposition, risk disposition, and personality traits and skills. Our sample involves 140 students from National University of East Timor. The students report good entrepreneurial intentions, good levels of risk disposition, and high levels of self-efficacy, endurance and autonomy. They also report good perceived levels of technical skills but admitted lower perceived financial skills. Several differences were identified concerning students’ gender, course or having self-employed parents. The study indicated a high entrepreneur potential among East Timorese university students

Air transport connectivity of remote regions: the impacts of public policies

This paper examines the impact of different public policies on air connectivity in remote regions. In particular, it estimates price and supply equations using route-level data for several countries around the world that have implemented route-based policies (public service obligations, traffic distribution rules), airline-based policies (state-owned airline) or passenger-based policies (discounts to residents). It is found that policies generally achieve affordable prices and high frequency levels in protected routes in comparison with unprotected routes. However, the implementation of these policies may also be associated with some costs

Air connectivity in remote regions: A comprehensive review of existing transport policies worldwide

A consensus exists in the literature on the strong link between air connectivity and economic growth and development. The need for connecting people and markets is part of national policies in different territories. The existence of remote areas, that is, those that under strict market criteria would not be transport supplied due to lack of commercial profitability, has led to the development of different public policies aimed to support air connectivity in regions where commercial airline operations are not viable. This paper provides a mapping of existing policies applied worldwide to provide air connectivity to remote areas, and critically reviews policies promoting air connectivity, including: 1) route-based policies; 2) passenger-based policies; 3) airline-based policies; and 4) airport-based policies. This effort is the first to compile and critically analyze all the existing alternatives to provide air connectivity in remote areas and to report on experiences worldwide. Moreover, we develop a novel taxonomy of existing public policies when it comes to providing air connectivity to remote areas. After reviewing different policy options and instruments applied globally, the paper ends with a policy discussion

The views of university professors of East Timor about entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a source of sustaining basis in fostering innovation, creating opportunities, local sustainability and socio-economic development of a country, since is a transforming process from an innovative idea to an enterprise. Entrepreneurship has been argued as the most effective economic power in the global economics and social history. The Strategic Plan for Development of East Timor from 2011 to 2030 reports that since 2007 only 9% of the population had economic conditions to leave the so-called “poverty line” and that 41% of East Timorese are still classified as poor. Given this diagnosis, the government of East Timor defined the private investment in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as one of the four pillars of the economic framework by 2020. To ensure the growth of the private sector in rural and urban areas, government established a development program with several initiatives such as legislative changes, creation of financial support, and faster process enterprise creation. Being private sector a social priority, and given the limitations of existing employment in East Timor, it is necessary to recognize the individual attitude of entrepreneurship and promote this new dynamic of job creation. Authors believe that universities, especially the state university, the East Timor National University (National University of Timor Lorosa'e) should assume a leadership role in promoting entrepreneurship among its students. For East Timor, it is critical to highlight the mission of universities and professors in their role of education and preparation of young people, providing them with an entrepreneurial attitude that allows them to succeed in creating their own employment. This is even more important because there is no formal teaching entrepreneurship at academic level in East Timor. The paper presents results from an ongoing research that aims to contribute to the discussion of the theme of entrepreneurship in East Timor. The survey EmpreendeTIMOR: UNIVPROF intends to study the perception that East Timor academics have in relation to entrepreneurship. Based on a sample of 123 Timorese university professors, from five Timorese universities, the survey analyze how professors perceive entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship, what is their risk predisposition, how they perceive the skills and competences of their students, and how they perceive the role of the University and its professors in promoting entrepreneurship. Results suggest a good image of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs but require further analysis since professors recorded contradictory results in two negative statements. Professors present a low risk predisposition. In relation to their students’ skills and capacities, professors reveal a high confidence in the abilities and skills of their students to be successful in their own business and in their technical or financial preparation. Regarding the role of universities and its professors in promoting entrepreneurship, the professors expressively recognize its importance and relevance, and agree with a more proactive role in promoting entrepreneurship

Loving Outside the Neighborhood: The Conflicting Effects of External Linkages on Incremental Innovation in Clusters

[EN] The present study assesses the explanatory capacity of three levels of factors, namely, internal to the company, and internal and external to the cluster, in predicting firms' incremental innovative performance in cluster contexts. The empirical research conducted here focuses on a sample of 92 companies from the Spanish textile industrial cluster in Valencia. Findings reveal that the signifi- cant role played by firms' interorganizational ties as a moderating factor between absorptive capacity and their incremental innovative performance. Additionally, results reflect the differenti- ated roles developed by intra- and extra-cluster linkages in these interaction processes.Tomas Miquel, JV.; Molina-Morales, FX.; Expósito-Langa, M. (2019). Loving Outside the Neighborhood: The Conflicting Effects of External Linkages on Incremental Innovation in Clusters. Journal of Small Business Management. 57(4):1738-1756. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12439S17381756574Acs, Z., & Audretsch, D. 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Innovation in clusters: exploration capacity, networking intensity and external resources

"This article is (c) Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for this version to appear here https://riunet.upv.es/. Emerald does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limited"Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated model of the determinants of innovation in clusters. In the understanding, internal, external and relational dimensions must be considered to make up a complete picture of the innovation processes. The authors propose that the exploration capacity of the firm, as well as its networking intensity and the external resources provided by supporting organizations are relevant in this context. Design/methodology/approach The empirical study has drawn on the population of the firms belonging to the Valencian textile industrial cluster in Spain and was carried out in two different phases. In the first step the authors applied the social network analysis technique to study the relational structure of the participating companies, followed by a second analysis aimed at performing a more detailed analysis of the companies that answered the roster by means of face-to-face interviews. Findings Results suggest that firms in clusters must develop individual capacities parallel to the systemic resources in order to improve their innovation performance. These systemic resources are provided by the position in the knowledge network and the relations with Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS), as agents that connect the cluster with external networks. Originality/value In spite of diverse contributions, previous research only provides a partial explanation of the issue and others underestimate one of the elements (internal or external to the firm) where the sources of innovation are generated. The originality of this study lies in the fact that it presents a complete perspective of the innovation process in clustered firms and clarifies key questions in cluster studies through network analysis techniques.The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness is gratefully acknowledged (ECO2012-32663) and the Programa de Apoyo a la I+D 2012 para Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion PAID-06-12 (SP20120492) of the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia-Vicerrectorado de Investigacion.Expósito Langa, M.; Tomas Miquel, JV.; Molina Morales, FX. (2015). Innovation in clusters: exploration capacity, networking intensity and external resources. Journal of Organizational Change Management. 28(1):26-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-10-2013-0192S2642281Antonelli, C. (2000). Collective Knowledge Communication and Innovation: The Evidence of Technological Districts. 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