Phenotypic plasticity of maritime pine to insect herbivory

PósterPeer Reviewe

Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity of nutrient re-allocation and increased fine root production as putative tolerance mechanisms inducible by methyl jasmonate in pine trees

1. Plant plastic responses to herbivore damage may include rapid, active reallocation of plant resources to reduce the impact of herbivory on future plant fitness. However, whether these inducible tolerance responses can be extended to pine trees and how these responses could be modulated by genetic and environmental factors remains unclear.2. Biomass allocation and phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in above- and belowground tissues were measured in Pinus pinaster juveniles belonging to 33 open-pollinated families grown under two P availabilities (P-deficient and complete fertilization). Measurements were taken 15 days after half of the plants received a foliar spray treatment of 22 mmol L)1 methyl jasmonate (MJ) to simulate above-ground herbivore attack.3. Simulated above-ground herbivory promoted a strong preferential allocation of biomass below ground in the form of fine roots, leading to an almost two-fold increase in fine root biomass in MJ-treated plants and a significant reduction in above-ground tissues and coarse roots. In addition, MJ signalling increased P andN concentrations in the shoots while reducing (P) or maintaining (N) concentrations in the roots. These results suggest that induced resource sequestration is not a generalized strategy in this pine species. Fine root biomass and concentration of N and P in plant tissues showed additive genetic variation, but responses to MJ signalling did not vary among families. Allocation of biomass to fine roots was not affected by P availability, whereas allocation of P to the shoot was more intense under complete fertilization.4. Synthesis: Two new putative tolerance mechanisms inducible by MJ signalling may help to minimize the impact of above-ground herbivore damage on the future fitness of young pine trees by (i) allocation of carbon to fine roots, this appeared to be a generalized strategy with weak environmental modulation and (ii) reallocation of P and N from roots to shoots, which was largely affected by P availability, and thus susceptible to greater phenotypic variation in heterogeneous environments. We provide evidence that changes in tolerance-related traits are rapidly inducible by herbivory cues in this pine species. These results should be integrated with induced resistance responses to fully understand the costs and benefits associated with induced responses to herbivory.This research was supported by the grants AGL2010-18724, RTA07-100, PSE310000. LS and XM received financial support from DOC-INIA and PREDOC-INIA grant programs respectively.INIAPeer Reviewe

Respuestas larvarias adaptativas de Drosophila Hidey en condiciones de saturación de medio alimenticio : aspectos fisiológicos, genéticos y ecológicos

Tesis Univ. Complutense de Madrid.Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y MicrobiologíaFac. de Ciencias BiológicasTRUEProQuestpu

Arte y emociones: Una propuesta integradora entre el psicoanálisis antropológico de Luis Cencillo y las artes plásticas

[ES]A nivel internacional. Su acercamiento al fenómeno artístico permite hacer un análisis lúcido y profundo desde los aportes de la psicología, la antropología y la filosofía gracias a su perspectiva abierta e integrativa. Su teoría brinda un recorrido por insumos teóricos valiosos para entender al ser humano, su psique y su forma de producir/ relacionarse con el arte. La persona creadora se despliega por medio del proceso creativo artístico; y Cencillo analiza con precisión que se articula en la persona creadora y qué surge en las personas espectadoras de una obra de arte. El documento se focaliza en las artes plásticas dentro de la rama de artes con la intención de delimitar el trabajo y lograr una mayor profundidad. La teoría de Cencillo se conectará también con la de autores afines logrando un diálogo integrador en el que se puede ahondar acerca de las emociones, la neuroestética, los colores y su relación con el aspecto cultural y social, además de los efectos en lo psicológico de implementar el arte en las relaciones humanas.[EN]Luis Cencillo is a benchmark in anthropological-based psychotherapy both in Spain and internationally. His approaches to the artistic phenomenon allow a lucid and deep analysis from the contributions of psychology, anthropology, and philosophy thanks to his open and integrative perspective. His theory provides a tour of valuable theoretical inputs to understand the human being, his psyche, and his way of relating to art. The creative person unfolds through the artistic creative process; and Cencillo accurately analyzes what is articulated in the creative person and what arises in the viewers of a work of art. The document focuses on the Plastic Arts within the branch of arts with the intention of delimiting the work and achieving greater depth. Cencillo's theory will also connect with that of similar authors, achieving an integrating dialogue in which one can delve into emotions, neuro-aesthetics, colors, and their relationship with the cultural and social, in addition to the psychological effects of implementing the art in human relations

Nutritional status and genetic variation in the response to nutrient availability in Pinus pinaster. A multisite field study in NW Spain

The low nutrient availability of the acidic and sandy soils of Galicia (Northwest Spain) is probably the main environmental factor limiting forest primary productivity in the area. These particular edaphic conditions could have imposed selective pressures on maritime pine populations leading to specific local adaptations. We first assessed the nutritional status of 22 young contemporary Pinus pinaster plantations in Northwest Spain, and then analysed the response to fertilization in three family × fertilization trials, and how this response varied across sites and genotypes. Growth of P. pinaster in Northwest Spain appeared to be largely limited by nutrient availability, where most of the plantations showed severe nutrient deficiencies, especially in P and Mg. According to these deficiencies, a strong positive response to nutrient additions was observed in the three trials, with height increments of up to 30% compared with the unfertilized control. However, the response to fertilizers was very variable from site to site, and in some cases did not agree with the foliar nutritional diagnosis. The response to fertilization was also significantly affected by pine genotype, suggesting that the plastic response to nutrient additions within each environment was under genetic control. However, the family response to nutrient availability was not consistent across sites, and no significant differences among families were observed for the RDPI plasticity index – a single index that summarizes the phenotypic change in multiple environments – when analysed across environments. The strong environmental component modulating phenotypic responses to fertilization could impose an important obstacle to evolve specific adaptations to the local edaphic conditions, as well as to artificially select genotypes adapted to different environments and silviculture regimes.This research was funded by the INIA projects RTA05-173 and RTA07-100.Peer reviewe

Genetics, phosphorus availability, and herbivore-derived induction as sources of phenotypic variation of leaf volatile terpenes in a pine species

Oleoresin produced and stored in pine tree leaves provides direct resistance to herbivores, while leaf volatile terpenes (LVT) in the resin are also powerful airborne infochemicals. Resin concentration and profile show considerable spatial and temporal phenotypic variation within and among pine populations. LVT biochemistry is known to be under genetic control, and although LVT should be plastic to diverse abiotic and biotic environmental factors such as nutrient availability and herbivore attack, little is known about their relative contributions and interactive effects. The aim of this paper was to clarify whether reduced phosphorus availability could increase the LVT concentration and affect the expression of herbivore-derived induced defences, and how plasticity would contribute to the phenotypic variation of LVT. The constitutive and methyl-jasmonate (MeJa) induced LVT concentration and profile were analysed in 17 half-sib Pinus pinaster families growing under two levels of P-availability (complete and P-limited fertilization). Individual terpene concentrations showed large additive genetic variation, which was more pronounced in the control than in MeJa-induced pines. MeJa application did not affect the LVT concentration, but significantly modified the LVT profile by depleting the α-pinene content and reducing the sesquiterpene fraction. Low P-availability strongly reduced plant growth and foliar nutrient concentrations, but did not affect LVT concentration and profile, and did not interact with MeJa-induction. Results indicate a strong homeostasis of LVT concentration to P-availability, and minor changes in the LVT profile due to MeJa-induction. Genetic variation appears to be the main source of phenotypic variation affecting the LVT concentration in this pine species.This work was supported by the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Agroalimentaria (grant number INIA-RTA07-100; and DOC-INIA and PREDOC-INIA fellows for LS and XM, respectively); the Spanish Agency of Science and Technology (grant numbers CGL2006-04025/BOS, CGL2010-17172, and CSD2008- 00040 for JP and JL; and AGL2010-18724 and PSE310000 for RZ and LS); and the Catalonian Government (grant number SGR 2009-1458).Peer reviewe

La influencia de la motivación y los hábitos de estudio en los resultados de aprendizaje de los alumnos de Educación Secundaria

La presente investigación persigue profundizar en aspectos tales como la motivación y los hábitos de estudio, para lo cual se diseña una revisión bibliográfica, en conexión con una serie de entrevistas, para detectar en primer lugar, qué relación se establece entre la motivación y los hábitos de estudio en el alumnado y, en segundo lugar, conocer qué estrategias de aprendizaje pueden desarrollarse con éxito en el aula para lograr que los conocimientos se consoliden y exista un aprendizaje significativo en el aula.<br /

Densidad y área de los canales resiníferos de "Pinus pinaster" ante tratamientos de fertilización, y su relación con la defensa ante "Hylobius abietis"

6 páginas, 3 tablas -- Actas de la I Reunión sobre Sanidad Forestal celebrada en Palencia el 24 y 25 de septiembre de 2007.Las coníferas poseen una estructura de canales resiníferos que actúa como defensa contra el ataque de insectos y patógenos. Varios autores han observado que un aumento en la disponibilidad de nutrientes puede alterar el reparto de energía en las plantas, en detrimento de los sistemas defensivos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto de la fertilización de establecimiento sobre el desarrollo del sistema de canales resiníferos en Pinus pinaster. Mediante histología en brinzales de 3 savias sometidos a dos ensayos familia x fertilización se cuantificó la densidad y el área de los canales resiníferos del floema y del xilema tanto en el tallo principal como en ramas laterales en dos ensayos familia x fertilización. Se observó un efecto significativo de la fertilización en el desarrollo de los canales resiníferos del floema (p<0,05), con valores de 0,45 y 0,36 canales.mm-2 para brinzales no fertilizados y sí fertilizados, respectivamente. Este efecto no se observó en las variables del xilema. La densidad de canales resiníferos en el xilema fue significativamente diferente entre las dos parcelas estudiadas, siendo mayor en la atacada por el curculiónido Hylobius abietis. Por último, la relación tallo-rama de las variables cuantificadas no fue lo suficientemente consistente como para utilizar los canales en ramas de P. pinaster como indicadores de los canales en el tronco principal.Este trabajo se ha realizado bajo financiación del proyecto INIA-RTA05-173.Peer reviewe