Film-induced tourism in the UK: the role of British Film Institute on promoting the image of the country

Film-induced tourism-also referred to as Film Tourism- is a recent growing phenomenon whose main purpose is to explore the potential tourist’s motivations when planning their upcoming visit to a destination. Furthermore, this phenomenon gives power to the future filming locations in terms of creating new film heritage museums, film tours, developing new destination marketing and so on. Thus, we will study the brand new type of tourist: ‘Core Screen Tourist’. Core screen tourists are those who would not travel to a destination where a film has been shot unless they have seen it on screen previously. Films provide a powerful way to shape people's perceptions of the place, creating new and strengthening old ones. Gaining the power to increase international tourism and the entertainment industry, the development of the film is seen as a growing phenomenon, which must be taken into account for each tourism promotion strategy.Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Turism

Influence of Low Dietary Inclusion of the Microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (Lubián 1982) on Performance, Fish Morphology, and Muscle Growth in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)

A 90-d feeding trial was conducted in which five groups of gilthead seabream (11.96 g initial body weight) were fed with a microalgae-free diet (control group, C) or four diets containing the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana at two inclusion levels (2.5% or 5%), either raw (R2.5 and R5 batches) or cellulose-hydrolyzed (H2.5 and H5 batches), to study their effect on the body and muscle growth. At 40 days, the highest values of body length and weight were reached in R5 group, but at 64 and 90 days, these were reached in R2.5. However, feed conversion rate, specific growth, daily intake, and survival (100%) were similar in all the groups. The acquisition of a discoid body shape was accelerated depending on the inclusion level of N. gaditana in the diets. Moreover, H5 diet affected the fish geometric morphology compared to R5 diet. The white muscle transverse area was similar in all groups at 40 days, with the exception of H2.5 group, which showed the lowest area. At day 90, C and R2.5 displayed the highest muscle growth, attributable to increased hyperplasia in C, and higher hypertrophy in R2.5. However, the highest proportion of small and medium fibers was observed in R5 and H5Versión del edito

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Effect on Muscle Cellularity of Diet Supplementation with <i>Nannochloropsis gaditana</i> Microalgae in the Final Fattening Phase of Gilthead Seabream Culture up to Commercial Size

Previous studies have shown that Nannochloropsis gaditana can partially replace fishmeal in the diet of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. However, its effect on muscle growth is hardly known. This experiment was carried out with gilthead seabream adults that were fed with N. gaditana at two inclusion levels (2.5 or 5%) either raw (R2.5 and R5 groups) or cellulose-hydrolyzed (H2.5 and H5 groups) for 45 days in the final fattening phase. The body length and body weight were measured in all fish at the beginning and end of the experiment. Also, the white muscle transverse area (WM), size, number and fibrillar density of the white fibers were measured in 9 fish group−1. After 45 days, the body parameters and the WM did not show significant differences among the groups. However, muscle cellularity did show significant differences, such that the hypertrophy values were higher in the H2.5 and H5 than in the R2.5 and R5 groups. On the contrary, R2.5 and R5 showed the highest fibrillar density and hyperplasia values, which are often positively correlated with the fillet firmness and therefore could improve the final quality of the fish. No significant differences attributable to the inclusion levels of N. gaditana were observed

Assessment of dietary inclusion of crude or hydrolysed Arthrospira platensis biomass in starter diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

This work evaluates the effects of the dietary inclusion of crude or hydrolysed Arthrospira platensis (Cyanobacteria) biomass on growth, muscle composition, digestive functionality and immune activities in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fry (20.32 mg mean body weight). A 40-day feeding trial was conducted, aimed at assessing four experimental diets that included 5 or 10% (w/w) A. platensis, either crude or hydrolysed, plus a microalgae-free diet as control batch. Overall, none of the dietary treatments caused negative impacts on fish growth, body composition, muscle fatty acid profile, or innate immune response. Thus, the dietary inclusion of both crude and hydrolysed A. platensis reduced significantly the oxidation of muscle lipids, especially when using hydrolysed biomass, regardless of the dietary inclusion level. In relation to digestive enzymes, significantly higher levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase activities were measured in fish fed on A. platensis-supplemented diets compared to control fish. In addition, within each inclusion level (5 or 10% w/w), those animals fed with diets that included the hydrolysed biomass yielded consistently higher digestive enzyme activities than those receiving the crude biomass. Microalgae dietary inclusion also induced favourable changes in fish gut morphology, according to the increase in microvilli length and diameter observed. This fact might well have contributed to reinforce the role of the intestinal mucosa as a protective barrier against microorganisms, as well as to enhance the absorptive capacity of the intestinal mucosa. Finally, 10% inclusion of microalgae hydrolysate enhanced lysozyme activity in liver, this fact suggesting improved protection against infectious diseases. In conclusion, the positive effects observed in fish fed with the diets including A. platensis up to 10% (not least the hydrolysed biomass) with regard to the different parameters assessed (digestive enzyme activities, intestinal epithelium ultrastructure, muscle lipid oxidation, and lysozyme activity) suggest the benefits of including this product in starter feeds for gilthead seabream fry

Long-Term Effects of a Short Juvenile Feeding Period with Diets Enriched with the Microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana on the Subsequent Body and Muscle Growth of Gilthead Seabream, Sparus aurata L.

Currently, microalgae are used in fish diets, but their long-term growth effect is unknown. In this experiment, juvenile seabream specimens were fed with microalgae-enriched diets for three months, and then transferred to a microalgae-free diet for 10 months to assess long-term effects up to commercial size (≈27 cm and ≈300 g). The juvenile diets contained Nannochloropsis gaditana at 2.5 or 5% inclusion levels, either raw (R2.5 and R5 groups) or cellulose-hydrolyzed (H2.5 and H5 groups). The body length and weight were measured in 75 fish group−1 at commercial stage. The size, number, and fibrillar density of white muscle fibers and the white muscle transverse area were measured in nine fish group−1 at commercial stage. The results showed the highest body weight in H5 at commercial stage. The white muscle transverse area and the white fibres hyperplasia and density also showed the highest values in H5, followed by H2.5. In contrast, the highest hypertrophy was observed in C and R2.5, being associated with the lowest muscle growth in both groups. These results showed a microalgae concentration-dependent effect in hydrolyzed diets as well as an advantageous effect of the hydrolyzed versus raw diets on the long-term growth of Sparus aurata

Assessment of dietary inclusion of crude or hydrolysed Arthrospira platensis biomass in starter diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

This work evaluates the effects of the dietary inclusion of crude or hydrolysed Arthrospira platensis (Cyanobac- teria) biomass on growth, muscle composition, digestive functionality and immune activities in gilthead seab- ream (Sparus aurata) fry (20.32 mg mean body weight). A 40-day feeding trial was conducted, aimed at assessing four experimental diets that included 5 or 10% (w/w) A. platensis, either crude or hydrolysed, plus a microalgae- free diet as control batch. Overall, none of the dietary treatments caused negative impacts on fish growth, body composition, muscle fatty acid profile, or innate immune response. Thus, the dietary inclusion of both crude and hydrolysed A. platensis reduced significantly the oxidation of muscle lipids, especially when using hydrolysed biomass, regardless of the dietary inclusion level. In relation to digestive enzymes, significantly higher levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase activities were measured in fish fed on A. platensis-supple- mented diets compared to control fish. In addition, within each inclusion level (5 or 10% w/w), those animals fed with diets that included the hydrolysed biomass yielded consistently higher digestive enzyme activities than those receiving the crude biomass. Microalgae dietary inclusion also induced favourable changes in fish gut morphology, according to the increase in microvilli length and diameter observed. This fact might well have contributed to reinforce the role of the intestinal mucosa as a protective barrier against microorganisms, as well as to enhance the absorptive capacity of the intestinal mucosa. Finally, 10% inclusion of microalgae hydrolysate enhanced lysozyme activity in liver, this fact suggesting improved protection against infectious diseases. In conclusion, the positive effects observed in fish fed with the diets including A. platensis up to 10% (not least the hydrolysed biomass) with regard to the different parameters assessed (digestive enzyme activities, intestinal epithelium ultrastructure, muscle lipid oxidation, and lysozyme activity) suggest the benefits of including this product in starter feeds for gilthead seabream fry.Versión del editor2,04

Evaluation of Nannochloropsis gaditana raw and hydrolysed biomass at low inclusion level as dietary functional additive for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

Abundant research is being carried out in the last years aimed at exploring microalgal biomass as nutrient source for different species of aquacultured fish. Some microalgae species, such as Nannochloropsis gaditana, have thick cell walls rich in cellulose, which might well reduce the bioavailability of intracellular active compounds. Among the alternatives aimed at overcoming this limitation, cellulase enzyme hydrolysis is proposed as a convenient and practical solution. In this regard, an in vitro assay was carried out, in which N. gaditana biomass was treated with cellulase (5% w/w basis) and the release of soluble compounds (reducing sugars, free amino acids and total phenolics) into the reaction medium was measured and compared to untreated raw biomass. The results confirmed increased yields of those compounds as a result of the enzyme pre-treatment. A 90-d feeding trial was also carried out in order to assess in vivo the influence of the inclusion of N. gaditana in feeds on juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth, digestive physiology and body composition. Microalgal biomass was added at two inclusion levels (25 and 50 g kg 1 dry weight) in four experimental feeds, either crude or enzymatically pretreated. Animals (15.1 g initial body weight) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments (two inclusion levels, 2.5 and 5%, and two microalgae formats, raw and enzymatically hydrolysed, plus a microalgae-free control), and distributed triplicate tanks per dietary treatment. Fish were withdrawn after 45 and 90 days, and proximate composition, muscle fatty acid and amino acid profiles, muscle and liver lipid oxidation, instrumental skin colour, digestive enzyme activities, as well as structural and ultrastructural changes in the intestinal mucosa were determined. No differences attributable to the dietary treatments were found with regard to fish growth or proximate composition at the end of the feeding trial. On the contrary, the inclusion of microalgal biomass, irrespectively of the cellulase pre-treatment, caused beneficial effects on some physiological parameters (namely digestive mucosa structure and functionality, oxidative status of muscle lipids, and instrumental colour). The only clear improvement found in fish attributable to the cellulase pre-treatment of the microalgal biomass was related to the prevention of muscle lipid oxidation. Overall, the results suggest that N. gaditana used as additive (at inclusion level below 5%) in feeds might represent a valuable nutritional strategy for S. aurata juveniles, even if growth was not affected.Versión del editor2,04

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)