Correlation Between K-value, Density Index and Bifilm Index in Determination of Liquid Al Cleanliness

Aluminum alloys are widely used in the industry thanks to its many advantages such as light weight and high strength. The use of this material in the market is increasing day by day with the developing technology. Due to the high energy inputs in the primary production, the use of secondary ingots by recycling from scrap material are more advantageous. However, the liquid metal quality is quite important in the use of secondary aluminum. It is believed that the quality of recycled aluminum is low, for this purpose, many liquid metal cleaning methods and test methods are used in the industry to assess the melt cleanliness level. In this study, it is aimed to examine the liquid metal quality in castings with varying temperature using K mold. A206 alloy was used, and the test parameters were selected as: (i) at 725 °C, 750 °C and 775 °C casting temperatures, (ii) different hydrogen levels. The hydrogen level was adjusted as low, medium and high with degassing, as-cast, and upgassing of the melt, respectively. The liquid metal quality of the cast samples was examined by the K mold technique. When the results were examined, it was determined that metal K values and the number of inclusions were high at the as-cast and up-gas liquid with increasing casting temperatures. It has been understood that the K mold technique is a practical method for the determination of liquid metal quality, if there is no reduced pressure test machine available at the foundry floor

Investigating fairness in global supply chains: applying an extension of the living wage to the Western European clothing supply chain.

YesThis paper explores the issue of fairness in global supply chains. Taking the Western European clothing supply chain as a case study, we demonstrate how applying a normative indicator in Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) can contribute academic and practical insights into debates on fairness. To do so, we develop a new indicator that addresses some of the limitations of the living wage for SLCA. We extend the standard form of living wage available for developing countries to include income tax and social security contributions. We call this extension 'living labour compensation'. Using publically available data, we estimate net living wages, gross living wages, and living labour compensation rates for Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) in 2005. We then integrate living labour compensation rates into an input-output framework, which we use to compare living labour compensation and actual labour compensation in the BRIC countries in the Western European clothing supply chain in 2005. We find that in 2005, actual labour compensation in the Western European clothing supply chain was around half of the living labour compensation level, with the greatest difference being in the Agricultural sector. Therefore, we argue that BRIC pay in the Western European clothing supply chain was unfair. Furthermore, our living labour compensation estimates for BRIC in 2005 are ~ 35% higher than standard living wage estimates. Indeed, adding income taxes and employee social security contributions alone increases the living wage by ~ 10%. Consequently, we argue there is a risk that investigations based on living wages are not using a representative measure of fairness from the employee's perspective and are substantially underestimating the cost of living wages from an employer's perspective. Finally, we discuss implications for retailers and living wage advocacy groups. Living labour compensation extends the living wage, maintaining its strengths and addressing key weaknesses. It can be estimated for multiple countries from publically available data and can be applied in an input-output framework. Therefore, it is able to provide a normative assessment of fairness in complex global supply chains. Applying it to the Western European clothing supply chain, we were able to show that pay for workers in Brazil, Russia, India, and China is unfair, and draw substantive conclusions for practice

Fault detection and diagnosis in a food pasteurization process with hidden Markov models

Hidden Markov Models (HMM) are used to detect abnormal operation of dynamic processes and diagnose sensor and actuator faults. The method is illustrated by monitoring the operation of a pasteurization plant and diagnosing causes of abnormal operation. Process data collected under the influence of faults of different magnitude and duration in sensors and actuators are used to illustrate the use of HMM in the detection and diagnosis of process faults. Case studies with experimental data from a high-temperature-short-time pasteurization system showed that HMM can diagnose the faults with certain characteristics such as fault duration and magnitude.Endnote format citatio

A DSP based active noise controller for headphones

In this article, a battery powered, TMS320VC5416 DSP controlled active noise control system is described and test results are presented. The whole system hardware and software has been designed and implemented in our lab

OrienTel: Turkish Telephone Speech Database

Avrupa Birliği 5. Çerçeve Programı Projesi olan, Akdeniz çevresindeki Kuzey Afrika ve Orta Doğu ülkelerinde konuşulan dillerde telefon hattı üzerinden konuşma veritabanlarının oluşturulmasını amaçlayan Orientel Projesi (IST-2000-28373) kapsamında üretilen Türkçe veritabanı ve yapılan çalışmalar tanıtılmaktadır. Proje kapsamında toplam 21 dil için konuşma veritabanları toplanmaktadır. Çalışma yaklaşık 16 ayda başarıyla tamamlanmıştır; 1700 konuşmacının, cinsiyet, yaş, şive ve arama ortamı bakımından dengeli kayıtları yapılmış, çözümlenmiş ve dokümanlaştırılmıştır. Veritabanı, rakamlar, numaralar, zaman, tarih, sözcükler, cümleler içermektedir. Türkçe için bu ölçüde kapsamlı, toplanması ve kontrolü bakımından ayrıntılı bir sistematik izlenerek hazırlanmış ilk veritabanıdır.This paper describes Turkish telephone speech database created within the framework of Orientel (IST-2000-28373): a 5th framework project. Orientel aims to collect telephone speech data from 21 languages. Turkish database has been successfully wmpletcd in 16 months. The work includes recordings, annotations and documentation of 1700 recording sessions. The speaker distribution has been balanced with respect to criteria such as age, sex, dialect, calling environment and network. The database contains digits, numbers, time, date, words and sentences. It is the first Turkish speech database of its size and also of its detailed systematic manner followed in the preparation and validation

Subspectral Editing with a Multiple Quantum Trap of IS n

Product operator theory was often used to describe analytically multipulse NMR experiments for weakly coupled spin systems. In this study first we introduce the descriptions of subspectral editing with a multiple quantum trap NMR spectra for IS$\text{}_{n}$ I=1 /2, S=5/2 with n=1, 2, 3) spin systems by using product operator formalism. These theoretical investigations lead us to form the general expressions for the intensities of the spin -1/2 nuclei coupled to the nuclei with spin ≥5/2. The obtained results can be used for the spectral editing in both liquid-state and solid-state NMR experiments. Furthermore, in order to satisfy the obtained analytical expressions for signal intensities we add the presentation of analytically description of subspectral editing with a multiple quantum trap sequence for weakly coupled IS (I=1/2, S=7/2) spin system

Subspectral Editing with a Multiple Quantum Trap of ISn\text{}_{n} Spin Systems by Using Product Operator Theory

Product operator theory was often used to describe analytically multipulse NMR experiments for weakly coupled spin systems. In this study first we introduce the descriptions of subspectral editing with a multiple quantum trap NMR spectra for IS$\text{}_{n}$ I=1 /2, S=5/2 with n=1, 2, 3) spin systems by using product operator formalism. These theoretical investigations lead us to form the general expressions for the intensities of the spin -1/2 nuclei coupled to the nuclei with spin ≥5/2. The obtained results can be used for the spectral editing in both liquid-state and solid-state NMR experiments. Furthermore, in order to satisfy the obtained analytical expressions for signal intensities we add the presentation of analytically description of subspectral editing with a multiple quantum trap sequence for weakly coupled IS (I=1/2, S=7/2) spin system

HACCP with multivariate process monitoring and fault diagnosis techniques: application to a food pasteurization process

Multivariate statistical process monitoring (SPM), and fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods are developed to monitor the critical control points (CCPs) in a continuous food pasteurization process. Multivariate SPM techniques effectively use information from all process variables to detect abnormal process behavior. Fault diagnosis techniques isolate the source cause of the deviation in process variable(s). The methods developed are illustrated by implementing them to monitor the critical control points and diagnose causes of abnormal operation of a high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization pilot plant. The detection power of multivariate SPM and FDD techniques over univariate SPM techniques is shown and their integrated use to ensure the product safety and quality in food processes is demonstrated.Endnote format citation for DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.04.00