123 research outputs found
Negotiating home and belonging. Young Kurds in Finland
This study looks at negotiation of belonging and understandings of home among a generation of young Kurdish adults who were born in Iraq, Iran, and Turkey and who reached adulthood in Finland. The young Kurds taking part in the study belong to the generation of migrants who moved to Finland in their childhood and early teenage years from the region of Kurdistan and elsewhere in the Middle East, then grew to adulthood in Finland.
In theoretical terms, the study draws broadly from three approaches: transnationalism, intersectionality, and narrativity. Transnationalism refers to individualsâ cross-border ties and interaction extending beyond nationstatesâ borders. Young people of migrant background, it has been suggested, are raised in a transnational space that entails cross-border contacts, ties, and visits to the societies of departure. How identities and feelings of belonging become formed in relation to the transnational space is approached with an intersectional frame, for examination of individualsâ positionings in terms of their intersecting attributes of gender, age/generation, and ethnicity, among others. Focus on the narrative approach allows untangling how individuals make sense of their place in the social world and how they narrate their belonging in terms of various mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion, including institutional arrangements and discursive categorisation schemes.
The empirical data for this qualitative study come from 25 semi-structured thematic interviews that were conducted with 23 young Kurdish adults living in Turku and Helsinki between 2009 and 2011. The interviewees were aged between 19 and 28 years at the time of interviewing. Interview themes involved topics such as school and working life, family relations and language-learning, political activism and citizenship, transnational ties and attachments, belonging and identification, and plans for the future and aspirations. Furthermore, data were collected from observations during political demonstrations and meetings, along with cultural get-togethers. The data were analysed via thematic analysis.
The findings from the study suggest that young Kurds express a strong sense of âKurdishnessâ that is based partially on knowing the Kurdish language and is informed by a sense of cultural continuity in the diaspora setting. Collective Kurdish identity narratives, particularly related to the consciousness of being a marginalised âotherâ in the context of the Middle East, are resonant in young intervieweesâ narrations of âKurdishnessâ. Thus, a sense of âKurdishnessâ is drawn from lived experiences indexed to a particular politico-historical context of the Kurdish diaspora movements but also from the current situation of Kurdish minorities in the Middle East.
On the other hand, young Kurds construct a sense of belonging in terms of the discursive constructions of âFinnishnessâ and âothernessâ in the Finnish context. The racialised boundaries of âFinnishnessâ are echoed in young Kurdsâ narrations and position them as the âotherâ â namely, the âimmigrantâ, ârefugeeâ, or âforeignerâ â on the basis of embodied signifiers (specifically, their darker complexions). This study also indicates that young Kurds navigate between gendered expectations and norms at home and outside the home environment. They negotiate their positionings through linguistic repertoires â for instance, through mastery of the Finnish language â and by adjusting their behaviour in light of the context. This suggests that young Kurds adopt various forms of agency to display and enact their belonging in a transnational diaspora space.
Young Kurdsâ narrations display both territorially-bounded and non-territorially-bounded elements with regard to the relationship between identity and locality. âHomeâ is located in Finland, and the future and aspirations are planned in relation to it. In contrast, the region of Kurdistan is viewed as âhomelandâ and as the place of origins and roots, where temporary stays and visits are a possibility. The emotional attachments are forged in relation to the country (Finland) and not so much relative to âFinnishnessâ, which the interviewees considered an exclusionary identity category. Furthermore, identification with oneâs immediate place of residence (city) or, in some cases, with a religious identity as âMuslimâ provides a more flexible venue for identification than does identifying oneself with the (Finnish) nation.Neuvottelua kuulumisesta ja kodista â kurdinuoret Suomessa
TÀmÀ tutkimus tarkastelee Irakin, Iranin ja Turkin alueelta lÀhtöisin olevien kurditaustaisten nuorten neuvotteluja kodista ja kuulumisesta sekÀ niiden ylirajaisesta rakentumisesta suhteessa niin suomalaiseen yhteiskuntaan, heidÀn asuinympÀristöönsÀ kuin lÀhtömaihinsa. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet nuoret ovat muuttaneet Kurdistanin ja LÀhi-idÀn alueelta Suomeen lapsuusvuosina tai varhaisessa teini-iÀssÀ ja saavuttaneet aikuisiÀn Suomessa asuessaan.
Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys kiinnittyy laajasti transnationalismin, intersektionaalisuuden ja narratiivisuuden kÀsitteelliselle kentÀlle. Transnationalismi tai ylirajaisuus viittaa yksilöiden kansallisvaltioiden rajat ylittÀviin suhteisiin ja toimintaan. Transnationaalissa tutkimuksessa maahanmuuttajataustaisten nuorten on nÀhty toimivan ylirajaisessa tilassa, jonka muodostavat valtion rajat ylittÀvÀt kontaktit, tunnesiteet ja sÀÀnnölliset vierailut lÀhtömaahan. Nuorten toimijuutta transnationaalissa tilassa lÀhestytÀÀn intersektionaalisuuden kehyksellÀ. TÀmÀ tarkoittaa sitÀ, ettÀ yksilön identiteetin nÀhdÀÀn muodostuvan suhteessa muun muassa hÀnen sukupuoleensa, etniseen taustaansa ja ikÀÀnsÀ/sukupolveensa sekÀ nÀiden tekijöiden yhteisvaikutukseen. Narratiivinen lÀhestymistapa valottaa niitÀ merkityksiÀ, joita yksilöt liittÀvÀt heidÀn toimintaansa ja sitÀ, miten eksklusiiviset ja inklusiiviset mekanismit kuten toiseuttavat diskurssit ja institutionaaliset jÀrjestelyt mahdollisesti vaikuttavat nÀihin merkityksenantoprosesseihin.
Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto koostuu kahdestakymmenestĂ€viidestĂ€ puolistrukturoidusta teemahaastattelusta, joita varten haastattelin kahtakymmentĂ€kolmea kurditaustaista nuorta Turussa ja HelsingissĂ€ vuosien 2009 ja 2011 vĂ€lisenĂ€ aikana. Tutkimukseen osallistuneet olivat haastatteluhetkellĂ€ iĂ€ltÀÀn 19â28-vuotiaita nuoria aikuisia. Haastatteluteemoihin kuuluivat koulutus ja työelĂ€mĂ€; perhesuhteet ja kieli; poliittinen aktivismi ja kansalaisuus; ylirajaiset suhteet ja toiminta; kuuluminen ja identiteetti; tulevaisuuden suunnitelmat ja toiveet. TĂ€mĂ€n lisĂ€ksi aineistoon sisĂ€ltyy havainnointimateriaalia, joka on kerĂ€tty poliittisista mielenosoituksista ja kokouksista sekĂ€ kulttuuritapahtumista. Aineisto on analysoitu teema-analyysimenetelmÀÀ kĂ€yttĂ€en.
Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, ettĂ€ âkurdilaisuusâ muodostaa keskeisen osan tutkimukseen osallistuneiden nuorten identiteettiĂ€. âKurdilaisuuttaâ ammennetaan kurdikielen osaamisesta ja kulttuurisen jatkuvuuden tunteesta osana kurdidiasporayhteisöÀ. Kollektiiviset kertomukset kurdi-identiteetistĂ€ toistuvat nuorten identiteettipuheessa, varsinkin suhteessa kurdivĂ€hemmistöjen asemaan kansallisena âtoisenaâ lĂ€htömaissa. âKurdilaisuudenâ tunne rakentuu myös suhteessa LĂ€hi-idĂ€n alueella asuvien kurdivĂ€hemmistöjen tĂ€mĂ€nhetkiseen tilanteeseen sekĂ€ omiin kokemuksiin, jotka ankkuroituvat kurdidiasporan poliittis-historialliseen kehykseen.
Toisaalta kuulumisen tunne rakentuu nuorten kertomuksissa suhteessa âsuomalaisuudenâ sekĂ€ âtoiseudenâ diskursiivisiin konstruktioihin. Nuorten puheessa kaikuvat âsuomalaisuudenâ rodullistetut reunaehdot, jotka asemoivat heidĂ€t âtoisiksiâ ja âsuomalaisuuteenâ kuulumattomaksi fyysisten piirteiden perusteella. âSuomalaisuudenâ toiseksi nĂ€yttĂ€vĂ€t asemoituvan âmaahanmuuttajaâ-, âpakolainenâ- ja âulkomaalainenâ- kategoriat, joihin kurdinuoret sijoitetaan jokapĂ€ivĂ€isessĂ€ kanssakĂ€ymisessĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€ tutkimus osoittaa myös, ettĂ€ kurdinuoret navigoivat eri sosiaalisten tilanteiden edellyttĂ€mien (sukupuolitettujen) normien ja kĂ€yttĂ€ytymissÀÀntöjen mukaan kodin sisĂ€- ja ulkopuolella. Kurdinuoret kĂ€yttĂ€vĂ€t kielitaitoaan ja tuntemusta âkulttuurillisista koodeistaâ sopeutuakseen eri sosiaalisten tilanteiden vaatimiin edellytyksiin, ja nĂ€in ollen omaksuvat toimijuuden erilaisia muotoja toimiessaan transnationaalissa tilassa.
Paikka ja eritoten vĂ€litön asuinympĂ€ristö nĂ€yttĂ€ytyvĂ€t merkittĂ€vĂ€nĂ€ nuorten identiteettineuvotteluissa. TĂ€ssĂ€ mielessĂ€ kodiksi mielletÀÀn Suomi, ja esimerkiksi tulevaisuuden suunnitelmat laaditaan suhteessa Suomeen. Kotimaata edustaa Kurdistan, jossa sijaitsevat juuret ja oma alkuperĂ€, ja jonne lyhytkestoiset vierailut ovat mahdollisia. Kuuluvuutta rakennetaan tĂ€ssĂ€ suhteessa pikemminkin âsuomalaisuudenâ sijaan Suomeen paikkana, sillĂ€ edellisen koetaan olevan poissulkeva kategoria. TĂ€mĂ€n lisĂ€ksi osa kurdinuorista tuntee kuuluvuutta vĂ€littömÀÀn asuinympĂ€ristöönsĂ€ eli kaupunkiinsa ja jossain tapauksissa myös uskonnollisiin yhteisöihin. NĂ€mĂ€ vaihtoehtoiset identifioitumisen kohteet nĂ€yttĂ€ytyvĂ€t joustavampina verrattuna kansallisiin identiteetteihin kuten âsuomalaisuuteenâ.Siirretty Doriast
Second generation and migrant capital in the transnational space : The case of young Kurds in France
Transnational ties, networks and mobilities can constitute a social resource for diaspora communities. Resources available as a result of the migration process or transnational ties can potentially become capitalised by diaspora members. Yet, diaspora members cannot automatically capitalise on all transnational networks and ties, but only resources that are mobilisable within particular transnational networks constitute âmigrant capitalâ (Anthias, 2007; Ryan, 2011). Migrantsâ children have grown up in transnational social space, in a social setting that is embedded with multiple sets of interconnected networks of social relationships, memberships, identities and mobilities of cross-border character (Levitt, 2009). Little is known on whether such transnational networks function as a mobilisable social resource, i.e. âmigrant capitalâ for the second generation. This study focuses on the transnational ties, practices and mobilities of second-generation Kurds in France and examines whether those constitute a mobilisable resource for them. It specifically asks if second-generation members intent to or have capitalised on such resources in the transnational social space. The study sheds light on the workings of transnational resources in the lives of the second generation and asks about the extent to which they can they be considered to be âmigrant capitalâ. The analysis draws from a qualitative dataset such as interviews and observations collected with second-generation Kurds in France.Transnational ties, networks, and mobilities can constitute a social resource for diaspora communities. Resources available as a result of the migration process or transnational ties can potentially become capitalised by diaspora members. Yet, diaspora members cannot automatically capitalise on all transnational networks and ties, and only resources that are mobilisable within particular transnational networks constitute âmigrant capitalâ (Anthias, 2007; Ryan, 2011). Migrantsâ children have grown up in âtransnational social space,â in a social setting that is embedded with multiple sets of interconnected networks of social relationships, memberships, identities, and mobilities of cross-border character (Levitt, 2009). Little is known on whether such transnational networks function as a mobilisable social resource, i.e., migrant capital, for the second generation. This study focuses on the transnational ties, practices, and mobilities of second-generation Kurds in France and examines whether those constitute a mobilisable resource for them. It specifically asks if second-generation members intent to or have capitalised on such resources in the transnational social space. The study sheds light on the workings of transnational resources in the lives of the second generation and asks about the extent to which they can be considered migrant capital. The analysis draws from a qualitative dataset such as interviews and observations collected with second-generation Kurds in France.Peer reviewe
The Kobane generation : Kurdish diaspora mobilising in France
A small Kurdish city located in northern Syria, Kobane, became symbolically significant when ISIS laid siege to the city between September 2014 and January 2015. This pivotal moment in the fight against ISIS threw the international spotlight on the Kurds. The Kobane Generation analyses how Kurdish diaspora communities mobilised in France after the breakout of the Syrian civil war and political unrest in Turkey and Iraq in the 2010s. Tens of thousands of people, mostly but not exclusively diaspora Kurds, demonstrated in major European capitals, expressed their solidarity with Kobane, and engaged in transnational political activism towards Kurdistan. In this book, Mari Toivanen discusses a series of critical events that led to different forms of transnational participation towards Kurdistan. The focus of this book is particularly on how diaspora mobilisations became visible among the second generation, the descendants of Kurdish migrants. The book addresses important questions, such as why second-generation members felt the need to mobilise and what kind of transnational participation this led to. How did the transnational participation and political activism of the second generation differ from that of their parents, and is such activism simply diasporic or also related to more global changes in political activism? The Kobane Generation offers important insights on the generational dynamics of political mobilisations and their significance to understanding diaspora contributions. More broadly, it sheds light on second-generation political activism beyond the diaspora context, analysing it in relation to global transformations in political subjectivities.Peer reviewe
Migrant Capital as a Resource for Migrant Communities
This thematic issue explores the processes and dynamics involved in how different forms of migrant capital are employed and how these relate to processes of social inclusion. Leaning on a Bourdieusian approach, we wish to move beyond existing descriptive studies and theorise the role migration plays in the accumulation, conversion and utilisation of various forms of capital by migrant communities and their members. The articles demonstrate how migrant capital can function as a resource created by migrants during the migration process, or as an outcome of it, and are potentially available to their family members. The articles illustrate via case studies from different national contexts how transnational migrants or members of migrant communities create, accumulate and employ diverse forms of capital in their efforts to achieve inclusion in destination and sending societies.This thematic issue explores the processes and dynamics involved in how different forms of migrant capital are employed and how these relate to processes of social inclusion. Leaning on a Bourdieusian approach, we wish to move beyond existing descriptive studies and theorise the role migration plays in the accumulation, conversion and utilisation of various forms of capital by migrant communities and their members. The articles demonstrate how migrant capital can function as a resource created by migrants during the migration process, or as an outcome of it, and are potentially available to their family members. The articles illustrate via case studies from different national contexts how transnational migrants or members of migrant communities create, accumulate and employ diverse forms of capital in their efforts to achieve inclusion in destination and sending societies.Non peer reviewe
The politics of genocide recognition: Kurdish nation-building and commemoration in the post-Saddam eraâ
This article explores genocide recognition politics (GRP) with a specific focus on Saddam Husseinâs Anfal campaign (1988) against the Kurdish population in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). In the context of a pending referendum on independence in the KRI, this study investigates the evolution of GRP in relation to secession, nation-building and commemoration as well as the social, political and economic drivers in the process. In addition, the study zeroes in on the internationalization of genocide recognition claims via diaspora lobbying and the Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq (KRG)âs bureaux of representation in Europe. The results are based on extensive fieldwork conducted with KRG representatives, diaspora entrepreneurs and other stakeholders between 2012 and 2016 in Europe and Iraqi Kurdistan. The KRGâs genocide recognition claims are not explicitly associated with secession, but instead are employed to legitimize local rule by referencing collective trauma and shared victimhood. In this way, Anfal â as the âchosen traumaâ â has become a component of (local) nation-building mechanisms. Nevertheless, recognition claims can become instrumentalized for secession so long as the political circumstances in the region become favourable to Kurdish independence. In the diaspora context, GRP serve to establish a link to homeland through commemoration practices, but they also provide greater space for lobbying and transnational advocacy networking.</p
Onnistu osaamisen uudistajana: Osaamisen ja uran innovatiivinen ja tasa-arvoinen kehittÀminen
Satsaako yrityksesi riittÀvÀsti osaamisen kasvattamiseen ja uudistamiseen? Tuottavuus ja innovatiivisuus paranevat osaamista kehittÀmÀllÀ ja tekemÀllÀ asioita aiempaa fiksummin. Osaaminen on keksittÀvÀ uudelleen, mutta uudenlaisena, yrityksen kaikissa henkilöstöryhmissÀ ja kaikissa toiminnoissa vaalittavana asiana. Opas sisÀltÀÀ arviointimallin, jonka avulla voit arvioida yrityksessÀsi kÀytössÀ olevia osaamisen ja urien kehittÀmistapoja kÀytÀnnönlÀheisesti
MikÀ lÀÀkkeissÀ maksaa? : Selvitys lÀÀkkeiden hintaan vaikuttamisesta ja ohjauksesta
SelvityksessÀ arvioidaan avohoidon reseptilÀÀkemarkkinoiden toimintaa ja sÀÀntelyÀ sekÀ apteekkien tehtÀviÀ ja toimintaa sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollossa. Työpaketissa A tarkastellaan, mikÀ avohoidon reseptilÀÀkkeissÀ maksaa, miten tukkuhintoihin voidaan vaikuttaa ja miten niitÀ tulisi ohjata. ReseptilÀÀkkeiden tukkumyyntiaineistoon perustuvien analyysien perusteella Suomen avoterveydenhoidon reseptilÀÀkkeiden reaalinen myynnin kasvu on ollut viimeisen 20 vuoden aikana voimakasta. Valtaosa, noin 80 %, avoterveydenhoidon lÀÀkekustannuksista tuli alkuperÀisvalmisteista. Patenttisuojan pÀÀtyttyÀ alkuperÀisvalmisteet eivÀt nÀyttÀisi lÀhtevÀn hintakilpailuun mukaan yhtÀ voimakkaasti kuin rinnakkaisvalmisteet. Rinnakkaistuontia esiintyy Suomessa vÀhÀn verrattuna muihin Pohjoismaihin. Tulosten ja kirjallisuuden pohjalta tuomme esille sÀÀntelytoimenpiteitÀ lÀÀkekustannusten hillitsemiseksi ja rationaalisen lÀÀkehoidon edistÀmiseksi.
Työpaketissa B todetaan, ettÀ apteekkijÀrjestelmÀn tarkka sÀÀntely voi heikentÀÀ apteekkien kannustimia kehittÀÀ palvelutoimintaansa. Apteekkien aukioloaikojen sekÀ farmaseuttisten ja terveyspalvelujen tarjonnan osoitetaan vaihtelevan apteekkien vÀlillÀ. Eniten tarjotaan lÀÀkehoidon eritasoisia arviointeja ja tarkistuksia sekÀ annosjakelupalvelua. Palvelujen kehittÀmistÀ hidastaa apteekkien heterogeenisyys ja kansallisen ohjauksen puuttuminen. Palveluja voidaan ohjata lakisÀÀteisiÀ tehtÀviÀ tarkentamalla tai luomalla apteekkareille riittÀvÀt taloudelliset kannustimet. Apteekkitoiminnan arviointiin tarvitaan selkeÀt tavoitteet ja niihin soveltuvat mittarit.TÀmÀ julkaisu on toteutettu osana valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimussuunnitelman toimeenpanoa. (tietokayttoon.fi) Julkaisun sisÀllöstÀ vastaavat tiedon tuottajat, eikÀ tekstisisÀltö vÀlttÀmÀttÀ edusta valtioneuvoston nÀkemystÀ
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