Effects of Inorganic and Organic Selenium Supplementation on Blood and Milk Selenium Concentration in Dairy Cows

Selenium is an important trace element in the nutrition of dairy cows because it prevents oxidative damages of tissue and in that way protects the animals from the incidence of various disorders. Addition of various levels of selenium in food leads to its increase in the milk what is important for postnatal calves development in which in the first weeks of life the milk is the only source of selenium. Into the food for dairy cows the inorganic selenium is added in the forms of – sodium selenite or sodium selenate (SS) or organic selenium – seleniium-enriched yeast (SY). Numerous studies have shown that organic selenium (SY) added into food for dairy cows provides better bioavailability than inorganic selenium (SS), hence the content of selenium in blood and milk of cows fed organic form of selenium is higher than in the inorganic selenium. The opinions about the effect of organic selenium on the activity of seleno-enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) have not been reconciled yet. Adding selenium into food for dairy cows has no effect on the quantity of produced milk nor on the milk composition (proteins, fats and lactose). Selenium reduces the number of somatic cells in milk and in that way prevents the occurrence of the disease of mammary gland

Anatomical considerations relevant to implant procedures in the mandible

The authors review anatomical facts significant for preoperative planning of implant procedures in the mandible. This planning includes the precise evaluation of distinct anatomical factors, such as the position of the mandibular canal, the width of the mandibular cortical plates and the degree of involutive changes of the inferior dental artery.The mandibular canal is usually situated centrally in the mandibular corpus, slightly closer to the lingual cortex in its distal parts; towards the front, it approaches the vestibular cortical layer. Mesially from the mental foramen, a clearly defined incisive canal is present in only one third of the edentate mandibles.Mandibular corpus of the edentate mandibles consists of cancellous bone enclosed by a shell of compact cortical bone. Cortical layers demonstrate significant variations in width; nervertheless, the widths of lateral cortical layers, generally, enable safe placement of endosseal implants.Finally, in patient’s preoperative assessment, involutive changes of the inferior dental artery should also be considered. During the involution of the mandibular alveolar process, it shows changes of direction and calibre, changes in arborization and, sometimes, complete occlusion of the main trunk. The degree of these involutive changes points out the mandibular vascular supply and the regenerative capacity of the tissues needed for the success of the implant procedure.Les auteurs passent en revue les faits anatomiques importants qu’il convient d’avoir à l’esprit en établissant le programme préopératoire pour la mise en place d’implants dans la mandibule.Ce programme inclut l’évaluation précise des différents facteurs anatomiques tels que la position du canal mandibulaire, la largeur de la corticale mandibulaire et le degré des changements involutifs de l’artère dentaire inférieure.Le canal mandibulaire est habituellement situé au centre du corps mandibulaire, très proche du cortex ventral dans ses portions distales; vers l’avant» il s’approche de la corticale vestibulaire. Mésialement par rapport au foramen mentonnier, un canal incisif bien défini est présent uniquement dans seulement un tiers des mandibules édentées.Le corps mandibulaire des mandibules édentées consiste en un os réduit entouré par un os cortical de type compact. Les couches corticales démontrent des variations de largeur significatives; néanmoins, les largeurs des couches corticales latérales, permettent généralement le placement d’implants endo-osseux en toute sécurité.Enfin, au cours de l’établissement du programme préopératoire du patient, les changements involutifs de l’artère dentaire inférieure devraient également être prises en considération. Au cours de l’involution du processus alvéolaire de la mandibule, cette artère montre des changements de direction et de calibre, des changements de l’arborisation et quelquefois, une complète oblitération de son tronc principal. L’importance de ces changements involutifs, met l’accent sur la suppléance vasculaire de la mandibule et la capacité régénérative des tissus nécessaires pour le succès de la mise en place des implants

Morphometric analysis of mandibular canal: clinical aspects

Results of morphometric analysis of the mandibular canal (MC), carried out on 105 conserved mandibles, 70 being dentate and 35 edentate, was performed. The analysis was carried out on consecutive sections, at mutual intervals of 0.5 cm. In the mandibular ramus sections were carried out obliquely, approximately in the frontal plane, and horizontally, from mandibular foramen to the lowest region of the vertical part of the MC (all together two sections). In the mandibular corpus, consecutive transversal sections were carried out between existing teeth, or at mutual intervals of 0.5 cm in edentate regions.The obtained results pointed out the very close relationship between the MC and lingual cortical plate of the mandibular ramus. In its horizontal part, the average diameter of the MC was 2.6 mm. It was situated more lingually in the molar region; towards the front, it approached the vestibular cortical plate, being closest to it in the region of the second premolar. Similar relationships of the MC and both cortical plates existed in edentate jaws. Relationships of the MC and tooth root apices varied; however, the MC was closest to the apices of the third molar. Mesially from the mental foramen, a clearly defined incisive canal was present in 92% of the dentale mandibles, but only in 31% of the edentate ones. The nearest to the incisive canal was the apex of the first premolar.The authors point out the importance of presented results in everyday practice, especially in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Having in mind the existing relationship between the MC and neighbouring structures, it is possible to avoid the injury of its content during several oral surgical procedures in mandibular ramus and corpus.L’analyse morphométrique du canal mandibulaire (CM) a été faite sur 105 mandibules conservées. Parmices mandibules, 70 étaient partiellement édentées et 35 totalement édentées. Les distances du CM de la couche compacte osseuse de la mandibule et des apex des racines dentaires ont été mesurées sur les coupes successives pratiquées à une distance de 0,5 cm. Dans la région de la branche montante mandibulaire les coupes successives ont été pratiquées suivant le plan horizontal, de l'orifice postérieur du canal mandibulaire à la terminaison de la partie verticale du CM. La région du corps mandibulaire a été traitée par des coupes verticales. Ces sections ont été faites successivement à travers l’espace entre chaque deux dents ou à une distance de 0,5 cm dans les régions édentées.Les résultats obtenus montrent que le CM se dirige obliquement de haut en bas et en avant, très proche de la lame osseuse linguale. Dans la partie horizontale son diamètre est de 2,6 mm en moyenne. Dans la région des dents molaires le CM est très proche de la lame osseuse linguale; en cheminant en avant, le CM s’approche de la lame osseuse buccale dont il est le plus proche dans la région de la P2. Dans les mandibules édentées, le CM a des rapports semblables.La distance du CM des apex des racines dentaires est variable, pourtant il est le plus proche des apex des racines de la M3. Mésialement du trou mentonnier, le canal incisif était clairement individualisé dans 92% des mandibules avec la denture conservée, et dans 31% des mandibules édentées. La première prémolaire était la plus proche du canal incisif.Les auteurs montrent l’importance des résultats présentés pour la stomatologie clinique, surtout pour la chirurgie orale et maxillofaciale. Compte tenu des rapports du CM avec les structures voisines on peut éviter des lésions de son contenu au cours de certaines interventions chirurgicales sur la branche montante et sur le corps de la mandibule

The Effect of Supplementation on Selenium and Zinc Content in Blood and Milk of Dairy Cows

Milk is an important source of microelements for calves during the suckling period as well as in human nutrition. Concentration of trace elements in blood and their secretion via milk can significantly change depending on food intake and composition. Proper control of selenium and zinc content in blood and in milk can improve the status of these microelements, so that the occurrence of deficiency or excessive quantity due to their increased intake can be prevented. This paper presents the results of the study on the concentration of selenium and zinc in the blood and milk of diary cows whose rations have been supplemented by organic forms of selenium (0.2 mg/kg DM) and zinc (40 mg/kg DM) during the last ten days of dry period and early lactation. Supplemented cows in trial groups A and B achieved significatly higher concentrations of these microelements in blood (Se 186.70±8.50 µg/L vs. 118.80±7.05 µg/L), blood serum (Zn 1204.70±109.5 µg/L vs. 1095.40±130.2 µg/L) and milk (Se 57.30±8.05 vs. 21.30±4.60 µg/L; Zn 2893.90±120.15 µg/L vs. 1952.10±130.50 µg/L) on 60th day postpartum compared to non-supplemented control

A review of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce non-beneficial consumptive water use on farms considering the FAO56 methods

In the past few decades, research has developed a multitude of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce consumptive water use on farms for adaptation to the increasing incidence of water scarcity, agricultural droughts and multi-sectoral competition for water. The adoption of these water-saving practices implies accurate quantification of crop water requirements with the FAO56 crop coefficient approach, under diverse water availability and management practices. This paper critically reviews notions and means for maintaining high levels of water consumed through transpiration, land and water productivity, and for minimizing non-beneficial water consumption at farm level. Literature published on sound and quantified experimentation was used to evaluate water-saving practices related to irrigation methods, irrigation management and scheduling, crop management, remote sensing, plant conditioners, mulching, soil management and micro-climate regulation. Summary tables were developed on the benefits of these practices, their effects on non-beneficial water consumption, crop yields and crop water productivity, and the directions for adjustment of FAO56 crop coefficients when they are adopted. The main message is that on-farm application of these practices can result in water savings to a limited extent (usually<20%) compared to sound conventional practices, however this may translate into large volumes of water at catchment scale. The need to streamline data collection internationally was identified due to the insufficient number of sound field experiments and modelling work on the FAO56 crop water requirements that would allow an improved use of crop coefficients for different field conditions and practices. Optimization is required for the application of some practices that involve a large number of possible combinations (e.g. wetted area in micro-irrigation, row spacing and orientation, plant density, different types of mulching, in-field water harvesting) and for strategies such as deficit irrigation that aim at balancing water productivity, the economics of production, infrastructural and irrigation system requirements. Further research is required on promising technologies such as plant and soil conditioners, and remote sensing applicationsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The application of ground-based and satellite remote sensing for estimation of bio-physiological parameters of wheat grown under different water regimes

Remote sensing technologies have been widely studied for the estimation of crop biometric and physiological parameters. The number of sensors and data acquisition methods have been increasing, and their evaluation is becoming a necessity. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two remote sensing data for describing the variations of biometric and physiological parameters of durum wheat grown under different water regimes (rainfed, 50% and 100% of irrigation requirements). The experimentation was carried out in Policoro (Southern Italy) for two growing seasons. The Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 images and radiometric ground-based data were acquired regularly during the growing season with plant biometric (leaf area index and dry aboveground biomass) and physiological (stomatal conductance, net assimilation, and transpiration rate) parameters. Water deficit index was closely related to plant water status and crop physiological parameters. The enhanced vegetation index showed slightly better performance than the normalized difference vegetation index when plotted against the leaf area index with R2 = 0.73. The overall results indicated that the ground-based vegetation indices were in good agreement with the satellite-based indices. The main constraint for effective application of satellite-based indices remains the presence of clouds during the acquisition time, which is particularly relevant for winter-spring crops. Therefore, the integration of remote sensing and field data might be needed to optimize plant response under specific growing conditions and to enhance agricultural production

In vivo burn imaging using Mueller optical coherence tomography

We report on the use of a high-speed, fiber-based Mueller-matrix optical coherence tomography system with continuous source-polarization modulation for in vivo burn depth evaluation and healing monitoring. A homemade hand-held probe with integrated optical scanning and beam delivering optics was coupled in the sample arm. In vivo burn imaging was demonstrated on porcine skin at different stages of the wound healing process, where porcine skin was used because of its similarity to the human skin. Thermally damaged region was clearly localized in the depth-resolved phase retardation image extracted from the measured Jones matrix. The burn areas in the OCT images agreed well with the histology. By using a decomposition algorithm developed by our group, we also mapped the local birefringence of the skin. The experimental results demonstrate the system’s potential for in vivo burn-depth determination

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF STERILE AND FERTILE PLANTS ON MAIZE HYBRID YIELDS

Maize is a very important field crop according to both, its distribution and sown areas. The possibility of different utilisation of maize for food, feed and industrial processing is greatly contribute to high economic significance of this crop. The aim of conducted studies was to determine the effect of various proportions of fertile and sterile plants on the yield by performing trials in a certain location. The three-replication trial was set up according to the randomised complete block design in the location of Zemun Polje under conditions dry land farming. A mixture of different variants of sterile and fertile plants of the commercial hybrid ZPSC 341 was made. Statistical data processing included the analysis of variance according to the randomised complete block design, regression and correlation analyses of grain yield and the percentage of fertile plants in the hybrid ZPSC 341, in order to determine the changes in grain yields in relation to the percentage ratio of sterile to fertile plants. Obtained results indicate that the highest (15.472 t ha-1), i.e. lowest (14.046 t ha-1) average yield was recorded in the hybrid with 80%, i.e. 5% fertility, respectively. The coefficient of correlation points to a weak dependence of the yield and the fertility percentage (rxy=0.101). Based on the coefficient of determination, the percentage dependence between the yield and the percentage of fertile plants was low (R²=0.010)

The effects of estradiol and human chorionic gonadotropin on acth cells in peripubertal female rats: A histological and stereological study

The effects of estradiol (EDP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on histological and stereological features of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) cells in peripubertal female rats were examined. The first group of females received five injections of EDP (0.25 mg/kg b.w.), every second day from the 4th to 14th day after birth, and was killed at the peripubertal stage. The second group of females was given two injections of pregnyl-gonadotrophinum chorionicum (HCG; 50 IU/kg body weight) on the 36th and 37th days after birth, and it was killed 24 h after the last treatment. The controls were injected with an equivalent volume of the corresponding vehicle. ACTH cells were immunohistochemically labeled and stereologically evaluated. Stereological analysis showed that the volume of ACTH cells and their volume density in peripubertal females treated with EDP, were decreased by 15.6% and 53.8% (p<0.05), respectively, compared to the controls. In HCG-treated animals, the observed parameters were increased by 39.2% and 15.4% (p<0.05), respectively, in comparison with the control females. These findings suggest that the application of EDP or HCG exerted opposite effects on the stereological features of pituitary ACTH cells