Analysis of Bidirectional ADR-Enabled Class B LoRaWAN Networks in Industrial Scenarios

[EN] Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies are becoming a widespread solution for wireless deployments in many applications, such as smart cities or Industry 4.0. However, there are still challenges to be addressed, such as energy consumption and robustness. To characterize and optimize these types of networks, the authors have developed an optimized use of the adaptative data rate (ADR) mechanism for uplink, proposed its use also for downlink based on the simulator ns-3, and then defined an industrial scenario to test and validate the proposed solution in terms of packet loss and energy.The research leading to these results received funding from the Horizon 2020 Programme of the European Commission under Grant Agreement No. 825631 "Zero Defect Manufacturing Platform (ZDMP)". It was also partially supported by the MCyU (Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities) under the project ATLAS (PGC2018-094151-B-I00).Todoli Ferrandis, D.; Silvestre-Blanes, J.; Sempere Paya, VM.; Planes, A. (2020). Analysis of Bidirectional ADR-Enabled Class B LoRaWAN Networks in Industrial Scenarios. Applied Sciences. 10(22):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10227964S1171022Ayoub, W., Samhat, A. E., Nouvel, F., Mroue, M., & Prevotet, J.-C. (2019). Internet of Mobile Things: Overview of LoRaWAN, DASH7, and NB-IoT in LPWANs Standards and Supported Mobility. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21(2), 1561-1581. doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2877382Zero Defect Manufacturing Platformhttps://www.zdmp.eu/Finnegan, J., Brown, S., & Farrell, R. (2018). Evaluating the Scalability of LoRaWAN Gateways for Class B Communication in ns-3. 2018 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN). doi:10.1109/cscn.2018.8581759Luvisotto, M., Tramarin, F., Vangelista, L., & Vitturi, S. (2018). On the Use of LoRaWAN for Indoor Industrial IoT Applications. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2018, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2018/3982646Kim, S., & Yoo, Y. (2018). Contention-Aware Adaptive Data Rate for Throughput Optimization in LoRaWAN. Sensors, 18(6), 1716. doi:10.3390/s18061716Ta, D.-T., Khawam, K., Lahoud, S., Adjih, C., & Martin, S. (2019). LoRa-MAB: A Flexible Simulator for Decentralized Learning Resource Allocation in IoT Networks. 2019 12th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC). doi:10.23919/wmnc.2019.8881393Abdelfadeel, K. Q., Cionca, V., & Pesch, D. (2018). Fair Adaptive Data Rate Allocation and Power Control in LoRaWAN. 2018 IEEE 19th International Symposium on «A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks» (WoWMoM). doi:10.1109/wowmom.2018.8449737ns-3 Model Library, Online Resourcehttps://www.nsnam.org/doxygen/classns-3_1_1_hybrid_buildings_propagation_loss_model.html#detailsCode Repositoryhttps://github.com/dtodoli/ns3_lorawan_wor

Bell-X, An Opportunistic Time Synchronization Mechanism for Scheduled Wireless Sensor Networks

[EN] The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is having an ever greater impact on industrial processes and the manufacturing sector, due the capabilities of massive data collection and interoperability with plant processes, key elements that are focused on the implementation of Industry 4.0. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are one of the enabling technologies of the IIoT, due its self-configuration and self-repair capabilities to deploy ad-hoc networks. High levels of robustness and reliability, which are necessary in industrial environments, can be achieved by using the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) medium access the mechanism of the IEEE 802.15.4e protocol, penalizing other features, such as network connection and formation times, given that a new node does not know, a priori, the scheduling used by the network. This article proposes a new beacon advertising approach for a fast synchronization for networks under the TSCH-Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). This new method makes it possible to speed up the connection times of new nodes in an opportunistic way, while reducing the consumption and advertising traffic generated by the network.This work has been supported by the SCOTT project (Secure COnnected Trustable Things) (www.scottproject.eu), which has received funding from the Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 737422. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, and from Austria, Spain, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Netherlands, Belgium and Norway. It has also been funded by Generalitat Valenciana through the "Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial - IVACE", and by the MCyU (Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities) under the project ATLAS (PGC2018-094151-B-I00), which is partially funded by AEI, FEDER and EU.Vera-Pérez, J.; Todoli Ferrandis, D.; Silvestre-Blanes, J.; Sempere Paya, VM. (2019). Bell-X, An Opportunistic Time Synchronization Mechanism for Scheduled Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 19(19):1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194128S1221919Vitturi, S., Zunino, C., & Sauter, T. (2019). Industrial Communication Systems and Their Future Challenges: Next-Generation Ethernet, IIoT, and 5G. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(6), 944-961. doi:10.1109/jproc.2019.2913443Candell, R., Kashef, M., Liu, Y., Lee, K. B., & Foufou, S. (2018). Industrial Wireless Systems Guidelines: Practical Considerations and Deployment Life Cycle. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 12(4), 6-17. doi:10.1109/mie.2018.2873820Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., … Struik, R. (2012). RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. doi:10.17487/rfc6550Vera-Pérez, J., Todolí-Ferrandis, D., Santonja-Climent, S., Silvestre-Blanes, J., & Sempere-Payá, V. (2018). A Joining Procedure and Synchronization for TSCH-RPL Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18(10), 3556. doi:10.3390/s18103556Pister, K., & Watteyne, T. (2017). Minimal IPv6 over the TSCH Mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH) Configuration. doi:10.17487/rfc8180Levis, P., Clausen, T., Hui, J., Gnawali, O., & Ko, J. (2011). The Trickle Algorithm. doi:10.17487/rfc6206Contiki: The Open Source OS for the Internet of Things: Official Website www.contiki-os.orgStanislowski, D., Vilajosana, X., Wang, Q., Watteyne, T., & Pister, K. S. J. (2014). Adaptive Synchronization in IEEE802.15.4e Networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 10(1), 795-802. doi:10.1109/tii.2013.2255062Chang, T., Watteyne, T., Pister, K., & Wang, Q. (2015). Adaptive synchronization in multi-hop TSCH networks. Computer Networks, 76, 165-176. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.003Palattella, M., & Grieco, L. (2015). Using IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement. doi:10.17487/rfc7554Vogli, E., Ribezzo, G., Grieco, L. A., & Boggia, G. (2018). Fast network joining algorithms in industrial IEEE 802.15.4 deployments. Ad Hoc Networks, 69, 65-75. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2017.10.013Duy, T. P., Dinh, T., & Kim, Y. (2016). A rapid joining scheme based on fuzzy logic for highly dynamic IEEE 802.15.4e time-slotted channel hopping networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 12(8), 155014771665942. doi:10.1177/1550147716659424Khoufi, I., Minet, P., & Rmili, B. (2019). Beacon advertising in an IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH network for space launch vehicles. Acta Astronautica, 158, 76-88. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.07.021Karalis, A., Zorbas, D., & Douligeris, C. (2019). Collision-Free Advertisement Scheduling for IEEE 802.15.4-TSCH Networks. Sensors, 19(8), 1789. doi:10.3390/s19081789Vallati, C., Brienza, S., Anastasi, G., & Das, S. K. (2019). Improving Network Formation in 6TiSCH Networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 18(1), 98-110. doi:10.1109/tmc.2018.2828835De Guglielmo, D., Anastasi, G., & Seghetti, A. (2014). From IEEE 802.15.4 to IEEE 802.15.4e: A Step Towards the Internet of Things. Advances onto the Internet of Things, 135-152. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03992-3_1

Co-designing the next generation of home energy management systems with lead-users

Home energy management systems are widely promoted as essential components of future low carbon economies. It is argued in this paper that assumptions surrounding their deployment, and the methods used to design them, emerge from discredited models of people and energy. This offers an explanation for why their field trial performance is so inconsistent. A first of a kind field trial is reported. Three eco communities took part in a comprehensive participatory design exercise as lead users. The challenge was to help users synchronise their energy use behaviours with the availability of locally generated renewable energy sources. To meet this aim, a set of highly novel Home Energy Management interfaces were co-designed and tested. Not only were the designs radically different to the norm, but they also yielded sustained user engagement over a six-month follow-up period. It is argued that user-centred design holds the key to unlocking the energy saving potential of new domestic technologies, and this study represents a bold step in that direction

802.11n performance analysis for a real multimedia industrial application

In spite of their limitations, wireless networks are being increasingly used in industrial environments. The electromagnetic phenomena that can occur, along with the interference that may occur due to it being an open medium, mean that fluctuations in latencies are often produced. These drawbacks limit the use of wireless networks for distributed factory applications where timeliness is essential. Recent standards, such as 802.11n, offer some interesting characteristics applicable to factory automation. In particular, QoS support and a very high data rate aids their operation under non-saturation conditions, allowing their satisfactory use as an industrial network. In this paper, the potential of these networks is analyzed in a real world scenario and their performance is compared with an idealized scenario. In both cases the priorities behave as expected, however, the algorithms for an auto-rate functioning perform badly in real world situations, especially in industrial scenarios such as those analyzed here, where the mobility of sources and the interference produced by other sources produce frequent rate changes, leading to a reduction in network performance. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work is supported by the MCYT of Spain under the project TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R.Silvestre Blanes, JL.; Berenguer Sebastiá, JR.; Sempere Paya, VM.; Todoli Ferrandis, D. (2015). 802.11n performance analysis for a real multimedia industrial application. Computers in Industry. 66:31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2014.08.00331406

Path Quality Estimator for 802.15.4e TSCH Fast Deployment Tool

[EN] This paper introduces a novel quality estimator that uses different metrics to decide the best path towards the root in Wireless Sensor Networks. The different metrics are assessed at medium access control layer (MAC), under the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and are used at network layer, enhancing the best path selection process done by the routing protocol, and at the application layer, enabling visual quality indicators in the nodes. This quality function is used during deployment stage; ensuring nodes are located optimally and nimbly. This mechanism will help WSN¿s adoption in Industrial Internet of Things applications.This work is supported by IVACE (Insituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial) through FEDER funding (exp. IMDEEA/2017/103).Vera-Pérez, J.; Todoli Ferrandis, D.; Santonja Climent, S.; Silvestre-Blanes, J.; Sempere Paya, VM. (2018). Path Quality Estimator for 802.15.4e TSCH Fast Deployment Tool. Telfor Journal (Online). 10(1):2-7. https://doi.org/10.5937/telfor1801002VS27101O. Gaddour, A. Koubâa, S. Chaudhry, M. Tezeghdanti, R. Chaari and M. Abid, 'Simulation and Performance Evaluation of DAG Construction with RPL,' in IEEE Third International Conference on Communications and Networking (ComNet), pp. 1-8, 2012.;IETF, 'RFC 6552 - Objective Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL),' 2012.;IETF, 'RFC 6719 - The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function,' 2012.;N. Pradeska, Widyawan, W. Najib and S. S. Kusumawardani, 'Performance Analysis of Objective Function MRHOF and OF0 in Routing Protocol RPL IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN),' in 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2016.;P. O. Kamgueu, E. Nataf, T. D. Ndié and O. Festor, 'Energy-based routing metric for RPL,' Doctoral dissertation, INRIA, 2013.;H.-S. Kim, J. Paek and S. Bahk, 'QU-RPL: Queue utilization based RPL for load balancing in large scale industrial applications,' in 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication and Networking (SECON), Seattle, WA, USA, 2015.;P. Gonizzi, R. Monica and G. Ferrari, 'Design and evaluation of a delay-efficient RPL routing metric,' in 9th International Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Sardinia, Italy, 2013.;IETF, 'RFC 6551 - Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks,' 2012.;N. Baccour, A. Koubâa, L. Mottola, M. A. Zúñiga, H. Youssef, C. A. Boano and M. Alves, 'Radio link quality estimation in wireless sensor networks: A survey,' ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), vol. 8 (4), 2012.;P. Karkazis, H. C. Leligou, L. Sarakis, T. Zahariadis, P. Trakadas, T. H. Velivassaki and C. Capsalis, 'Design of primary and composite routing metrics for RPL-compliant Wireless Sensor Networks,' in International Conference on Telecommunications and Multimedia (TEMU), Chania, Greece, 2012.;N. Baccour, A. Koubâa, H. Youssef, M. B. Jamâa, D. d. Rosário, M. Alves and L. B. Becker, 'F-LQE: A Fuzzy Link Quality Estimator for Wireless Sensor Networks,' in European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), Coimbra, Portugal, 2010.;S. Rekik, N. Baccour, M. Jmaiel and K. Drira, 'Holistic link quality estimation-based routing metric for RPL networks in smart grids,' in IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Valencia, Spain, 2016.;O. Gaddour, A. Koubaa, N. Baccour and M. Abid, 'OF-FL: QoSaware fuzzy logic objective function for the RPL routing protocol,' in 12th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), Hammamet, Tunisia, 2014.;IETF, 'RFC 8180 - Minimal IPv6 over TSCH Mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH) Configuration,' 2017.;M. G. Amor, A. Koubâa, E. Tovar and M. Khalgui, 'Cyber-OF: An Adaptative Cyber-Physical Objective Function for Smart Cities Applications,' in 28th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS), Toulouse, France, 2016.;J. Vera-Pérez, D. Todolí-Ferrandis, J. Silvestre-Blanes, S. SantonjaCliment and V. Sempere-Paya, 'Path quality estimator for wireless sensor networks fast deployment tool,' 2017 25th Telecommunication Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade, 2017, pp. 1-4.

Experiencias de aprendizaje del Derecho del Trabajo a través del cine

[ES] Este artículo analiza la experiencia realizada durante tres años con objeto de complementar la enseñanza del Derecho del trabajo con el uso del cine como material bibiográfico y sus resultados. En la experiencia se propuso una película por cada tema del programa académico de la asignatura de Derecho del trabajo (I) y también de la asignatura Políticas sociolaborales, ocupación e igualdad. Los resultados han sido positivos siendo el material cinemátográfico una ayuda significativa a la comprensión de conceptos complejos y su retención en el tiempo.[EN] This article analyzes the experience carried out over three years in order to complement the teaching of labor law with the use of cinema as a bibliographic material and its results. In the experience, a film was proposed for each subject of the academic program of the subject of Labor Law (I) and also of the subject Socio-labor Policies, Occupation and eEquality. The results have been positive, the cinematic material being a significant aid to the understanding of complex concepts and their retention over time.Todoli Signes, A.; Calvo Palomares, R. (2021). Experiencias de aprendizaje del Derecho del Trabajo a través del cine. En IN-RED 2020: VI Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 825-830. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2020.2020.1200982583

Safety and Security oriented design for reliable Industrial IoT applications based on WSNs

[EN] Internet of Things based technologies are enabling the digital transformation in many sectors. However, in order to use this type of solutions, such as wireless sensor networks, in scenarios like transport, industry or smart cities, the deployed networks must meet sensible safety and security requirements. This article describes a Wireless Sensor Network design that applies multi-layered mechanisms and tools to ensure security, safety and reliability while maintaining usability in Rail and Industrial IoT scenarios. The proposed solution provides guidelines for choosing the best implementations given usual restrictions, offering a modular stack so it can be combined with other solutions.This work has been supported by the SCOTT project (Secure COnnected Trustable Things) (www.scottproject.eu), which has received funding from the Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 737422. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, and from Austria, Spain, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Netherlands, Belgium and Norway. It has also been funded by Generalitat Valenciana through the ¿Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial ¿ IVACE¿, and by the MCyU (Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities) under the project ATLAS (PGC2018-094151-BI00), which is partially funded by AEI, FEDER and EU.Vera-Pérez, J.; Todoli Ferrandis, D.; Sempere Paya, VM.; Ponce Tortajada, R.; Mujica, G.; Portilla, J. (2019). Safety and Security oriented design for reliable Industrial IoT applications based on WSNs. IEEE. 1774-1781. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2019.8869204S1774178

Influence of lipids and obesity on haemorheological parameters in patients with deep vein thrombosis

It is not well established whether haemorheological alterations constitute independent risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT).We have determined in 149 DVT patients and in 185 control subjects the body mass index (BMI), the haemorheological profile: blood viscosity (BV), plasma viscosity (PV), fibrinogen (Fg), erythrocyte aggregation (EA), erythrocyte deformability (ED) and plasma lipids. In the crude analysis BMI, Fg, PV, EA, triglycerides (TG) and ApoB were statistically higher and HDL cholesterol (HDL-Chol) statistically lower in DVT patients than in controls. No differences in BV and ED were observed.After BMI adjustment, Fg, PV and EA remained statistically higher in DVT cases than in controls (P=0.013; P=0.012; P=0.013; P=0.028, respectively). When the risk of DVT associated with these variables (using cut-offs that corresponded to the mean plus one SD of the control group) was estimated, EA>8.2 and PV>1.28 mPa.s were significantly associated with DVT even further adjustment for lipids and obesity (OR=2.78, P=0.004; OR=1.91, P=0.024, respectively). However, PV did not remain statistically significant after additional adjustment for Fg.When we consider together all the analyzed variables in order to control every variable for each other,TG>175 mg/dl (OR=3,2,P=0.004) and BMI>30 kg/m2 (OR=3.5, P=0.003), were also independently associated with a greater risk of DVT. Our results suggest that increased EA constitute an independent risk factor for DVT. However, when associated to hyperlipidaemia and obesity it further increases thrombotic [email protected]

Les contaminants métalliques traqués par la spectrométrie atomique dans le bioéthanol

International audienceDans le cadre de la transition énergétique, l'utilisation de biocarburants à base de carbone renouvelable est une des alternatives permettant de limiter l'émission de CO 2 fossile. La diversité des sources potentielles de biomasse requiert en revanche une caractérisation des polluants inorganiques éventuels qui pourraient s'avérer nuisibles. Dans cette optique, une investigation sur les teneurs en contaminants métalliques dans différentes sources de bioéthanol a été menée en collaboration avec l'Université d'Alicante. Nous avons constaté des teneurs systématiquement inférieures au mg/kg sur la totalité des échantillons analysés, lesquels représentent un panel important des bioéthanols utilisés en tant que base de carburant ou base pétrochimique. La source de ces très faibles teneurs a été investiguée en suivant le schéma de fabrication du bioéthanol à partir de betteraves et les résultats montrent que la plupart des métaux présents dans le bioéthanol ont comme source la biomasse de départ. L'étape de distillation est particulièrement efficace pour éliminer ces contaminants : les concentrations sont divisées par 10000. Abstract : As part of the energy transition, the use of renewable biofuels is one of the alternatives to limit the emission of fossil CO 2. Anyhow, the assessment of the environmental benefit provided by the use of biofuels requires a thorough characterization of the inorganic pollutants potentially present in the biomass used as a source of biofuel. With this in mind, an investigation on the levels of metallic contaminants in different bio-ethanol samples was conducted in collaboration with the University of Alicante. The samples chosen were appropriate to be used either as a fuel themselves or blended with fossil fuels. We have found that metallic species were present at concentrations below the mg/kg level in virtually all the bioethanol samples under study. The source of these very low levels of contaminants has been investigated following the bioethanol production scheme from beet and the results show that most of the metals present in bioethanol are also present in the original biomass. From all the procedures required to obtain the biofuel, the distillation of the syrup resulting from the fermentation step is particularly effective in removing these contaminants : Concentrations of metallic species in bioethanol is divided 10,000 times