Different investment treaties, different effects

Until recently, quantitative assessments of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) have tended to treat them as interchangeable. Such assessments assume that the only measure of investor protections encoded in IIAs is whether a treaty had been signed and/or entered into force. However, the actual investment effects of investment treaties depend greatly on context

Oil and international cooperation

The more that states depend on oil exports, the less cooperative they become: they grow less likely to join intergovernmental organizations, to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of international judicial bodies, and to agree to binding arbitration for investment disputes. This pattern is robust to the use of country and year fixed effects, to alternative measures of the key variables, and to the exclusion of all countries in the Middle East. To explain this pattern, we consider the economic incentives that foster participation in international institutions: the desire to attract foreign investment and to gain access to foreign markets. Oil-exporting states, we argue, find it relatively easy to achieve these aims without making costly commitments to international institutions. In other words, natural resource wealth liberates states from the economic pressures that would otherwise drive them toward cooperation

Recruitment Constraints in Singapore's Fluted Giant Clam (Tridacna squamosa) Populations - A Dispersal Model Approach

10.1371/journal.pone.0058819PLoS ONE83

不同的投资协定具有不同的效应

直到最近，国际投资协定的定量评估（IIAS）都倾向于将它们视为可互换的。这样的评估假设，国际投资协议中编码的唯一的投资者保护措施是，一项条约是否已签署和/或生效。然而，投资条约的实际投资效果很大程度上取决于具体情况

Mate limitation in sea lice infesting wild salmon hosts : the influence of parasite sex ratio and aggregation

Mate limitation in dioecious parasite species has the potential to impact parasite population growth. Our focus of interest was the influence of parasite sex distribution among hosts on parasite reproduction and transmission dynamics for populations of ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) establishing on wild juvenile salmon hosts. The data included more than 139,000 out-migrating juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)) and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)) in British Columbia, Canada, sampled over nine years. For almost all years, the sex ratio of the reproductive stages of the sea lice was female-biased. The probability of a female being able to mate (i.e., of being attached to a fish also carrying a male louse) increased with increasing parasite abundance and parasite aggregation. We compared, with expected modeling predictions, the observed prevalence of pairs of sea lice (i.e., one reproductive louse of each sex) on a given fish and the observed probability of a female being able to mate. These comparisons showed that male and female sea lice tend to be distributed together rather than separately on hosts. Distribution together means that sea lice are distributed randomly on hosts according to a common negative binomial distribution, whereas distribution separately means that males are distributed according to a negative binomial and females are distributed in their own negative binomial among hosts. Despite the tendency for distribution together we found that, in every year, at least 30% of reproductive female sea lice experience mate limitation. This Allee effect will result in submaximal rates of parasite reproduction at low parasite abundances and may limit parasite transmission. The work has important implications for salmon parasite management and the health both of captive farm salmon populations and migratory wild stocks. More broadly, these results demonstrate the potential impact of mate limitation as a constraint to the establishment and spread of wild ectoparasite populations

Good Neighbors: Trade, Culture, and Institutions in the Resolution of Territorial Disputes

The importance of territory is undeniable, and so it is perhaps unsurprising that throughout history territorial disputes have been the principal source of conflict leading to war. However, while wars are often linked to territorial disputes, territorial disputes often pose little risk of war. The differences between the territorial disputes that lead to conflict and those that do not are essential, for within them is the key to identifying the causes of war, predicting sites of future conflict, and preventing conflict. This research seeks to expand understanding of how violent or peaceful resolutions to territorial disputes are linked with bilateral trade and cultural and institutional differences and similarities. Through this research, the theories of economic interdependence, the clash of civilizations, and the democratic peace are examined as they apply to the decision-making processes of challengers in territorial disputes. Through a combination of a quantitative analysis and cases studies, the results revealed that the theories of economic interdependence and democratic peace were broadly supported in their application to territorial disputes, while the theory of the clash of civilizations was not. Thus, the continued proliferation of trade and democracy shows promise in increasing the likelihood of peaceful negotiated solutions to territorial disputes around the world

University High Highlights 4/18/1962

This is the student newspaper from University High School, the high school that was on the campus of Western Michigan University, then called University High Highlights, in 1962

Spartan Daily, May 10, 1937

Volume 25, Issue 130https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/2614/thumbnail.jp