Low Coseismic Friction on the Tohoku-Oki Fault Determined from Temperature Measurements

The frictional resistance on a fault during slip controls earthquake dynamics. Friction dissipates heat during an earthquake; therefore the fault temperature after an earthquake provides insight into the level of friction. The JFAST project (IODP Expedition 343/343T) installed a borehole temperature observatory 16 months after the March 2011 M[subscript w]9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake across the fault where slip was ~50 m near the trench. After 9 months of operation, the complete sensor string was recovered. A 0.31°C temperature anomaly at the plate boundary fault corresponds to 27 MJ/m² of dissipated energy during the earthquake. The resulting apparent friction coefficient of 0.08 is considerably smaller than static values for most rocks.This is the author’s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the AAAS for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science, Volume 342 issue 6163 on 06 December 2013, DOI:10.1126/science.1243641

Low Coseismic Friction on the Tohoku-Oki Fault Determined from Temperature Measurements

The frictional resistance on a fault during slip controls earthquake dynamics. Friction dissipates heat during an earthquake; therefore, the fault temperature after an earthquake provides insight into the level of friction. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 and 343T) installed a borehole temperature observatory 16 months after the March 2011 moment magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake across the fault where slip was ~50 meters near the trench. After 9 months of operation, the complete sensor string was recovered. A 0.31°C temperature anomaly at the plate boundary fault corresponds to 27 megajoules per square meter of dissipated energy during the earthquake. The resulting apparent friction coefficient of 0.08 is considerably smaller than static values for most rocks

The effect of different potassium fertilization of forecrop on the enzymatic activity of soil in spring barley cultivation

Celem badań było określenie zmian aktywności enzymatycznej gleby w czasie wegetacji jęczmienia jarego pod wpływem zróżnicowanego nawożenia przedplonu potasem. Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2011 i 2013 w układzie całkowicie losowym w czterech powtórzeniach na poletkach doświadczalnych Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. Przedplonem był groch siewny (Pisum sativum L.), pod który stosowano nawożenie: NK0, NK1, NK2, NK3, NK4, NK5 (N-20; K1-41,5; K2-83; K3-124; K4-166; K5-207,5 kg.ha–1). W uprawie jęczmienia jarego (Hordeum vulgare L.) uwzględniono nawożenie: N1,K0 N1K1, N1K1, N1K1, N1K1, N1K1 (N1-50, K1-41,5 kg·ha–1). Aktywność enzymów glebowych oznaczano czterokrotnie w czasie wegetacji, w próbkach pobranych z poziomu Ap (0-30 cm). Analizowana gleba charakteryzowała się bardzo wysoką aktywnością ureazy (średnio 365,5 mg N-NH4 h–1·kg–1 gleby). Największą aktywność dehydrogenaz oznaczono w glebie pobranej w czerwcu z obiektu nawozowego N1K1 (NK3 przedplon). Aktywność fosfatazy alkalicznej była dwukrotnie większa w porównaniu z aktywnością fosfatazy kwaśnej. Istotnie największą aktywnością fosfatazy alkalicznej (0,46-0,64 mmola PNP·h–1·kg–1 gleby) i kwaśnej (0,26-0,31 mmola PNP·h–1·kg–1 gleby) charakteryzowała się gleba pobrana z obiektu nawozowego N1K1 (jęczmień jary) NK1 (przedplon-groch siewny).The aim of the study was to determine changes of enzymatic activity of soil during spring barley vegetation. The field experiment was carried out in 2011 and 2013 with a completely randomised method, in four replicates, on the experimental plots of the Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities. The forecrop was pea (Pisum sativum L.), for which the following fertilisation was applied: NK0, NK1, NK2, NK3, NK4, NK5 (N-20; K1-41.5; K2-83; K3-124; K4-166; K5-207,5 kg ha–1). In spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivation, six levels of fertilisation were applied: N1K0, N1K1, N1K1, N1K1, N1K1, N1K1 (N1-50, K1-41.5 kg ha–1). The activity of the enzymes was determined four times during vegetation, in soil samples taken from the Ap horizon (0-30 cm layer). The soil was characterised by very high urease act ivity (average 365.5 mg N-NH4 h–1 kg–1 dm of soil.) The highest activity of dehydrogenases was determined in the soil sampled in June from the N1K1 fertiliser treatment (NK3 forecrop). Alkaline phosphatase activity was twice as high as that of acid phosphatase. The highest activity of alkaline phosphatase (0.46-0.64 mmol PNP h–1 kg–1 dm of soil) and acidic (0.26-0.31 mmol PNP h–1 kg–1dm of soil) was characterized by soil taken from the fertiliser treatment N1K1 (spring barley) NK1 (forecrop-pea)

EFFECT OF AGE ON FIREFIGHTER FITNESS IN A DEPARTMENT WITH ANNUAL FITNESS ASSESSMENTS

Arasta Wahab1, Mike Toczko1, Robert Lockie2, Shane Caswell1, Joel Martin1. 1George Mason University, Manassas, VA. 2California State University, Fullerton, CA. BACKGROUND: The firefighter (FF) profession is demanding job that includes high-intensity physical work. As a result, maintaining appropriate levels of fitness are encouraged for FFs to perform occupational duties, prevent health issues and musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of age on fitness in a large cohort of professional FFs required to complete an annual fitness assessment. METHODS: Retrospective fitness assessment and body composition data was obtained from 1076 professional FFs (males=955, females=121) who completed an annual fitness assessment. The fitness assessment included maximum pull-ups, maximum push-ups, maximum curl-ups, and a 3-minute step test to estimate aerobic fitness. Fat mass percentage (FM%) was assessed using bioelectric impedance analysis. Participants were categorized into 4 age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 years). Analyses of variance and Tukey’s Post-hoc test were used to assess the effect of age on fitness measures. All statistics were conducted with R software and a significance level of p=0.05. RESULTS: A total of 170 (15.8%), 332 (30.9%), 357 (33.2%) and 217 (20.2%) FFs were in the 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 age groups, respectively. There was a significant difference between age groups for pull-ups (F(3,1072)=52.11, p\u3c0.001, η2=0.13), curl-ups F(3,1072)=57.56, p \u3c0.001, η2=0.14), push-ups (F(3,1072)=50.74, p\u3c0.001, η2=0.12) and FM% F(3,1072)=22.82, p\u3c0.001, η2=0.06). Post-hoc testing revealed that pull-ups, curl-ups and push-ups significantly (p\u3c0.05) declined each decade except when comparing the 20-29 to 30-39 age groups. FM% was significantly worse (p\u3c0.05) each decade except for the 40-49 compared to 50-59 year age group. There was no significant main effect for age on aerobic capacity (F(3,1072)=0.55, p=0.649, η2=0.001). CONCLUSION: The current findings indicate that muscular fitness and FM% generally declined with age while aerobic fitness was preserved in professional FF. Muscular fitness did not decline until FF were older than 40 years, while FM% increased in younger age groups then was unchanged after the age of 40. Fire departments implementing health and fitness programs could consider tailoring programs to prevent increases in FM% in younger FFs (\u3c40 years) and maintaining muscular fitness in older FFs (\u3e40 years)

NanTroSEIZE Stage 2: NanTroSEIZE riser/riserless observatory, IODP Expedition 319 Preliminary Report, 10 May–31 August 2009

The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) is a coordinated, multiexpedition drilling project designed to investigate fault mechanics and seismogenesis along subduction megathrusts through direct sampling, in situ measurements, and long-term monitoring in conjunction with allied laboratory and numerical modeling studies. The fundamental scientific objectives of the NanTroSEIZE project include characterizing the nature of fault slip and strain accumulation, fault and wall rock composition, fault architecture, and state variables throughout the active plate boundary system. As part of the NanTroSEIZE program, operations during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 319 included riser drilling, analyses of cuttings and core samples, downhole measurements and logging, and casing at Site C0009 in the Kumano forearc basin as well as riserless drilling, logging while drilling (LWD), casing, and observatory operations at Site C0010 across a major splay fault (termed the "megasplay") that bounds the seaward edge of the forearc basin near its updip terminus. In addition, we drilled at contingency Site C0011 to collect logging-while-drilling data in advance of planned coring operations scheduled as part of IODP Expedition 322.Site C0009 marked the first riser drilling in IODP history. This allowed several scientific operations unprecedented in IODP, including carefully controlled measurements of in situ pore pressure, permeability and minimum principal stress magnitude, real-time mud gas analysis, and laboratory analyses of cuttings throughout the entire riser-drilled depth range (~700–1600 meters below seafloor [mbsf]). We conducted a leak-off test at one depth interval and successfully deployed the wireline Modular Formation Dynamics Tester 12 times to directly measure in situ stress magnitude, formation pore pressure, and permeability. During all phases of riser drilling, we collected mud gas for geochemical analyses and cuttings samples were collected throughout the entire riser-drilled depth range. Integration of data from cuttings, wireline logging, and cores (from a limited depth interval) allowed definition of a single integrated set of lithologic units and comparison with previously drilled IODP Site C0002 to determine the evolutionary history of the forearc basin. After casing the borehole, we conducted a long-offset (up to 30 km) two-ship active seismic experiment, recording shots within the borehole to image the megasplay and master décollement beneath the borehole, and to evaluate seismic velocity and anisotropy of the forearc basin and accretionary prism sediments around the borehole.At riserless Site C0010, operations included drilling with measurement while drilling (MWD)/LWD across the megasplay fault to 555 mbsf, casing the borehole with screens at the depth of the fault, conducting an observatory dummy run to test future strainmeter and seismometer deployment procedures, and installation of a temporary pore pressure and temperature monitoring system in advance of planned future permanent observatory emplacement. The observatory system (termed a "smart plug") marks the first observatory installation of the NanTroSEIZE program. MWD/LWD data at this site were used to define unit boundaries and the fault zone target interval for placement of the casing screens. Through comparison with previously drilled Site C0004 these data also provide insights into along-strike differences in the architecture of the megasplay fault and hanging wall