Ethno-Pedagogical Expressions in the Ndambu Culture of the Kimaima Community, Papua

The Ndambu culture is one of the local wisdoms of the people of Kimaima, Papua, the eastern part of Indonesia, which must be preserved in today\u27s globalized world because cultural values are now being abandoned by the development of globalization. The current generation is also starting to leave the culture of child initiation, so efforts are needed to preserve culture in traditional ways. Preserving cultural values has importance because it contains an ethno-pedagogy about parenting children to be personally responsible, independent, and autonomous. Even though there have been many studies on the local wisdom system of the community, there lies a paucity of research that looks at ethno-pedagogy in the community. Thus, further studies are needed to explore this ethno-pedagogy in the local Papuan community, namely Kimaima. Researchers believe that in cultural life there are patterns of knowledge transformation for the younger generation as an effort to transform local knowledge and maintain culture. The research method used in this study is qualitative with an ethnographic design. Findings suggest that (1) the forms of speech in the rah kwo and mawo kwo rituals include: (a) forms of explanatory speech, (b) forms of kinship greetings, (c) parables, (d) messages, and (e) form of speech prohibition; (2) The meaning of speech includes: (a) educational meaning, (b) sociological meaning (social interaction, helping each other), and (c) philosophical meaning (patience); (3) the functions of speech are (a) expressing feelings, (b) the function of hope, and (c) the function of advice

Environmentally induced DNA methylation is inherited across generations in an aquatic keystone species

Transgenerational inheritance of environmentally induced epigenetic marks can have significant impacts on eco-evolutionary dynamics, but the phenomenon remains controversial in ecological model systems. We used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of individual water fleas (Daphnia magna) to assess whether environmentally induced DNA methylation is transgenerationally inherited. Genetically identical females were exposed to one of three natural stressors, or a de-methylating drug, and their offspring were propagated clonally for four generations under control conditions. We identified between 70 and 225 differentially methylated CpG positions (DMPs) in F1 individuals whose mothers were exposed to a natural stressor. Roughly half of these environmentally induced DMPs persisted until generation F4. In contrast, treatment with the drug demonstrated that pervasive hypomethylation upon exposure is reset almost completely after one generation. These results suggest that environmentally induced DNA methylation is non-random and stably inherited across generations in Daphnia, making epigenetic inheritance a putative factor in the eco-evolutionary dynamics of freshwater communities

Selective Survival of Embryos Can Explain DNA Methylation Signatures of Adverse Prenatal Environments

An adverse intrauterine environment is associated with long-term physiological changes in offspring. These are believed to be mediated by epigenomic marks, including DNA methylation (DNAm). Changes in DNAm are often interpreted as damage or plastic responses of the embryo. Here, we propose that stochastic DNAm variation, generated during remodeling of the epigenome after fertilization, contributes to DNAm signatures of prenatal adversity through differential survival of embryos. Using a mathematical model of re-methylation in the early embryo, we demonstrate that selection, but not plasticity, will generate a characteristic reduction in DNAm variance at loci that contribute to survival. Such a reduction in DNAm variance was apparent in a human cohort prenatally exposed to the Dutch famine, illustrating that it is possible to detect a signature of selection on epigenomic variation. Selection should be considered as a possible mechanism linking prenatal adversity to subsequent health and may have implications when evaluating interventions. Tobi et al. hypothesize that prenatal adversity can cause selection on epigenomic profiles in utero. Their model predicts that such selection reduces the variance in DNA methylation at genomic regions that contribute to survival, which is testable and detectable in empirical data from the Dutch famine

Selective Survival of Embryos Can Explain DNA Methylation Signatures of Adverse Prenatal Environments

An adverse intrauterine environment is associated with long-term physiological changes in offspring. These are believed to be mediated by epigenomic marks, including DNA methylation (DNAm). Changes in DNAm are often interpreted as damage or plastic responses of the embryo. Here, we propose that stochastic DNAm variation, generated during remodeling of the epigenome after fertilization, contributes to DNAm signatures of prenatal adversity through differential survival of embryos. Using a mathematical model of re-methylation in the early embryo, we demonstrate that selection, but not plasticity, will generate a characteristic reduction in DNAm variance at loci that contribute to survival. Such a reduction in DNAm variance was apparent in a human cohort prenatally exposed to the Dutch famine, illustrating that it is possible to detect a signature of selection on epigenomic variation. Selection should be considered as a possible mechanism linking prenatal adversity to subsequent health and may have implications when evaluating interventions. </p

Environmentally induced DNA methylation is inherited across generations in an aquatic keystone species

Transgenerational inheritance of environmentally induced epigenetic marks can have significant impacts on eco-evolutionary dynamics, but the phenomenon remains controversial in ecological model systems. We used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of individual water fleas (Daphnia magna) to assess whether environmentally induced DNA methylation is transgenerationally inherited. Genetically identical females were exposed to one of three natural stressors, or a de-methylating drug, and their offspring were propagated clonally for four generations under control conditions. We identified between 70 and 225 differentially methylated CpG positions (DMPs) in F1 individuals whose mothers were exposed to a natural stressor. Roughly half of these environmentally induced DMPs persisted until generation F4. In contrast, treatment with the drug demonstrated that pervasive hypomethylation upon exposure is reset almost completely after one generation. These results suggest that environmentally induced DNA methylation is non-random and stably inherited across generations in Daphnia, making epigenetic inheritance a putative factor in the eco-evolutionary dynamics of freshwater communities

Two-year clinical performance of cast gold vs ceramic partial crowns

Cast gold partial crowns (CGPC) are an accepted means of restoring posterior teeth with extended lesions. However, for esthetic reasons, CGPC are being increasingly substituted with partial ceramic crowns (PCC). The aim of the present prospective split-mouth study was to compare the clinical performance of PCC and CGPC. There were 29 patients (male 12, female 17) who participated in the investigation for a total of 58 restorations. In each patient, one CGPC (Degulor C) and one PCC (Vita MarkII/Cerec III) were placed. CGPC were inserted using conventional zinc-phosphate cement (Harvard); PCC were adhesively luted to the cavities (Variolink II/Excite). The restorations were clinically rated using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria at baseline and 1 and 2 years after placement. The median patient age was 38 years (range 25-54). There were 29 of the CGPC and 14 PCC placed in molars, while 15 PCC were placed in premolars. All patients were available for the 1- and the 2-year recall. One PCC (1.7%) failed and had to be replaced after 2 years in situ. The rest of the restorations were functional without need of replacement. The evaluation using USPHS criteria revealed no statistically significant differences between CGPC and PCC with the exception of anatomic form: PCC showed occlusal chipping in two cases without need of replacement. From these data, it can be concluded that PCC may provide an esthetic and tissue-conservative alternative to CGPC. However, long-term studies comparing the clinical performance and longevity of cast gold and ceramic partial crowns for posterior teeth are desirable