A hydrologic and economic model for water trading and reallocation using linear programming techniques

Abstract: With the advent of water reform framework instigated by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), water trading on a temporary and permanent basis has become a prominent feature in all major irrigation areas in Australia. Hydrologic network models, such as the Integrated Quantity and Quality Model (IQQM), although powerful in simulating entitlement-based water allocation at the catchment scale, are unable to deal with the water reallocation through trade driven by economic conditions such as crop and water price, variable production costs. To simulate water trading, linear programming techniques are used to maximize aggregate net return subject to land, water, and crop constraints. The volume of water traded is the difference between water allocated and water required for a given simulation period. The water trading model, known as WRAM, is coupled with IQQM for the Murrumbidgee basin. IQQM represents the irrigation area in the Murrumbidgee with 49 regulated irrigation nodes that grow a variety of summer, winter and perennial crops. The water trading model runs whenever a planting decision is required, taking into account water availability, crop growth stages, crop yield and price, variable production costs, fixed and variable water charges on the potential water movement through the distribution network. WRAM provides a dynamic link with IQQM in order to assess the impacts of water management policies at the whole-of-catchment scale. The result reported in this paper is part of a CRC Catchment Hydrology project on hydrologic and economic modelling for sustainable water allocation

How does one become spiritual? The Spiritual Modeling Inventory of Life Environments (SMILE)

We report psychometric properties, correlates and underlying theory of the Spiritual Modeling Index of Life Environments (SMILE), a measure of perceptions of spiritual models, defined as everyday and prominent people who have functioned for respondents as exemplars of spiritual qualities, such as compassion, self-control, or faith. Demographic, spiritual, and personality correlates were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of college students from California, Connecticut, and Tennessee (N=1010). A summary measure of model influence was constructed from perceived models within family, school, religious organization, and among prominent individuals from both tradition and media. The SMILE, based on concepts from Bandura\u27s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory, was well-received by respondents. The summary measure demonstrated good 7-week test/retest reliability (r=.83); patterns of correlation supporting convergent, divergent, and criterion-related validity; demographic differences in expected directions; and substantial individual heterogeneity. Implications are discussed for further research and for pastoral, educational, and health-focused interventions

Land, Environmental Externalities and Tourism Development

In a two sectors dynamic model we analyze the process of tourism development based on the accumulation of capital (building of tourism facilities) and the reallocation of land from traditional activities to the tourism sector. The model incorporates the conflict between occupation of the territory by the tourism facilities, other productive activities and availability of cultural, natural and environmental assets that are valued by residents and visitors. We characterize the process of tourism development in two settings: the socially optimal solution and a situation where the costs of tourism expansion are external to the decision makers, where externalities on residents as well as intraindustry externalities are considered. Regarding the optimal solution, we show that it is optimal to limit tourism expansion before it reaches its maximum capacity even in a context where the economic attractiveness of tourism relative to other productive sectors rise continuously. However, in this context and when all the costs of tourism development are externalities the only limit to tourism quantitative expansion is its maximum capacity determined by the availability of land. Finally, we show that excessive environmental degradation from the future generations' point of view is not a problem of discounting the future but rather a problem of externalities that affects negatively the current and future generations

O princípio da precaução e a gestão dos riscos ambientais: contribuições e limitações dos modelos econômicos

Neste artigo apresentam-se os modelos mais relevantes que têm sido desenvolvidos para a interpretação econômica do princípio da precaução e a sua aplicação, com vista a conhecer as suas contribuições para o debate sobre a precaução e discutir a sua relevância prática para a decisão pública. Analisam-se igualmente suas virtualidades e principais limitações. Identificam-se também algumas ações que visam ultrapassar as limitações existentes. O conceito de precaução tem presentemente grande relevância na regulação ambiental em muitos países. É, no entanto, ainda vaga a legislação a respeito da aplicação do princípio da precaução na tomada de decisão relativa à gestão dos riscos ambientais. Por isso, tem sido largamente referida a necessidade de dispor de quadros reguladores para a implementação operacional deste princípio que clarifiquem conceitos e procedimentos adequados à natureza dos riscos ambientais

In whose interest? Exploring care ethics within transformative learning

This article brings attention to a seemingly pervasive and underlying assumption in critical management education that transformative learning is a good thing. We explore this assumption through a series of narratives examining the ethics of educators overtly seeking to enable transformative learning with owner-managers in order to impact on their businesses. The focus on owner-managers is of significance in terms of transformative learning because of the centrality of the owner-manager to the delicate ecosystem that is the small and medium business. The article makes salient relational care in critical management education and the need for educators to engage in a moral dialogue regarding the relational impact of transformative learning in pedagogic designs. Such dialogue necessitates addressing in whose interest is transformative learning being sought, along with the orientation and framing of such learning