Evaluando el rendimiento en la tabla de golpeo del makiwara

No hay en la literatura estudios que cuantifiquen las características del impacto en las tablas del makiwara. Lógicamente, la evaluación de las características mecánicas de varios diseños de tablas de makiwara debería ser un paso inicial en la determinación de la validez del makiwara como medio de desarrollo de la técnica del kárate. Consecuentemente, el propósito de este estudio fue determinar la dureza de los diseños del makiwara que se estrecha y en tabla apilada, utilizando técnicas estáticas de carga para evaluar su idoneidad para practicantes de diferentes niveles. Cuando nuestros resultados se observan en términos de progresión del entrenamiento, parece que el diseño apilado de fresno, más flexible, se ajusta mejor al principiante, mientras que el modelo que se estrecha de encina, más rígido, se ajusta mejor al experto

Evaluating Makiwara Punching Board Performance

[ES] No hay en la literatura estudios que cuantifiquen las características del impacto en las tablas del makiwara. Lógicamente, la evaluación de las características mecánicas de varios diseños de tablas de makiwara debería ser un paso inicial en la determinación de la validez del makiwara como medio de desarrollo de la técnica del kárate. Consecuentemente, el propósito de este estudio fue determinar la dureza de los diseños del makiwara que se estrecha y en tabla apilada, utilizando técnicas estáticas de carga para evaluar su idoneidad para practicantes de diferentes niveles. Cuando nuestros resultados se observan en términos de progresión del entrenamiento, parece que el diseño apilado de fresno, más flexible, se ajusta mejor al principiante, mientras que el modelo que se estrecha de encina, más rígido, se ajusta mejor al experto

NASA Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM): Effects of tropical rainfall on upper ocean dynamics, air-sea coupling and hydrologic cycle

This was a Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) modeling, analysis and applications research project. Our broad scientific goals addressed three of the seven TRMM Priority Science Questions, specifically: What is the monthly average rainfall over the tropical ocean areas of about 10(exp 5) sq km, and how does this rain and its variability affect the structure and circulation of the tropical oceans? What is the relationship between precipitation and changes in the boundary conditions at the Earth's surface (e.g., sea surface temperature, soil properties, vegetation)? How can improved documentation of rainfall improve understanding of the hydrological cycle in the tropics

Circulation and intrusions northeast of Taiwan : chasing and predicting uncertainty in the cold dome

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 24 no. 4 (2011): 110–121, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.99.An important element of present oceanographic research is the assessment and quantification of uncertainty. These studies are challenging in the coastal ocean due to the wide variety of physical processes occurring on a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. In order to assess new methods for quantifying and predicting uncertainty, a joint Taiwan-US field program was undertaken in August/September 2009 to compare model forecasts of uncertainties in ocean circulation and acoustic propagation, with high-resolution in situ observations. The geographical setting was the continental shelf and slope northeast of Taiwan, where a feature called the "cold dome" frequently forms. Even though it is hypothesized that Kuroshio subsurface intrusions are the water sources for the cold dome, the dome's dynamics are highly uncertain, involving multiple scales and many interacting ocean features. During the experiment, a combination of near-surface and profiling drifters, broad-scale and high-resolution hydrography, mooring arrays, remote sensing, and regional ocean model forecasts of fields and uncertainties were used to assess mean fields and uncertainties in the region. River runoff from Typhoon Morakot, which hit Taiwan August 7–8, 2009, strongly affected shelf stratification. In addition to the river runoff, a cold cyclonic eddy advected into the region north of the Kuroshio, resulting in a cold dome formation event. Uncertainty forecasts were successfully employed to guide the hydrographic sampling plans. Measurements and forecasts also shed light on the evolution of cold dome waters, including the frequency of eddy shedding to the north-northeast, and interactions with the Kuroshio and tides. For the first time in such a complex region, comparisons between uncertainty forecasts and the model skill at measurement locations validated uncertainty forecasts. To complement the real-time model simulations, historical simulations with another model show that large Kuroshio intrusions were associated with low sea surface height anomalies east of Taiwan, suggesting that there may be some degree of predictability for Kuroshio intrusions.We thank the National Science Council of Taiwan as well as the Office of Naval Research for generous support of this effort

Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Over Agulhas Extension Meanders

Many years of high-resolution measurements by a number of space-based sensors and from Lagrangian drifters became available recently and are used to examine the persistent atmospheric imprints of the semi-permanent meanders of the Agulhas Extension Current (AEC), where strong surface current and temperature gradients are found. The sea surface temperature (SST) measured by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the chlorophyll concentration measured by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) support the identification of the meanders and related ocean circulation by the drifters. The collocation of high and low magnitudes of equivalent neutral wind (ENW) measured by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), which is uniquely related to surface stress by definition, illustrates not only the stability dependence of turbulent mixing but also the unique stress measuring capability of the scatterometer. The observed rotation of ENW in opposition to the rotation of the surface current clearly demonstrates that the scatterometer measures stress rather than winds. The clear differences between the distributions of wind and stress and the possible inadequacy of turbulent parameterization affirm the need of surface stress vector measurements, which were not available before the scatterometers. The opposite sign of the stress vorticity to current vorticity implies that the atmosphere spins down the current rotation through momentum transport. Coincident high SST and ENW over the southern extension of the meander enhance evaporation and latent heat flux, which cools the ocean. The atmosphere is found to provide negative feedback to ocean current and temperature gradients. Distribution of ENW convergence implies ascending motion on the downwind side of local SST maxima and descending air on the upwind side and acceleration of surface wind stress over warm water (deceleration over cool water); the convection may escalate the contrast of ENW over warm and cool water set up by the dependence of turbulent mixing on stability; this relation exerts a positive feedback to the ENW-SST relation. The temperature sounding measured by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS) is consistent with the spatial coherence between the cloud-top temperature provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and SST. Thus ocean mesoscale SST anomalies associated with the persistent meanders may have a long-term effect well above the midlatitude atmospheric boundary layer, an observation not addressed in the past