Bronze Age textile and wool economy. The case of the Terramare site of Montale, Italy

At the onset of the 2nd millennium bc, a wool economy emerged across continental Europe. Archaeological, iconographical, and written sources from the Near East and the Aegean show that a Bronze Age wool economy involved considerable specialised labour and large scale animal husbandry. Resting only on archaeological evidence, detailed knowledge of wool economies in Bronze Age Europe has been limited, but recent investigations at the Terramare site of Montale, in northern Italy, document a high density of spindle whorls that strongly supports the existence of village-level specialised manufacture of yarn. Production does not appear to have been attached to an emerging elite nor was it fully independent of social constraints. We propose that, although probably managed by local elites, wool production was a community-based endeavour oriented towards exports aimed at obtaining locally unavailable raw materials and goods

Political economy in prehistory: A marxist approach to pacific sequences

Development of strong leaders and social stratification in prehistory is suitable for a political economy approach to the longue durée. Our goal is to encourage archaeologists to formulate prehistoric research that draws on historical materialism, the Marxist reasoning for understanding political economy. Three prehistoric cases from the Pacific (Lapita, Vanuatu, and Hawai‘i) help us evaluate the steps required to do this. Most importantly, we identify economic bottlenecks (constriction points) based on property rights for land or on production and trade of prestige goods. Resources can be mobilized by emergent elites at such bottlenecks to support strategies that enmesh land managers, captains, warriors, and priests to centralize power. A political economy approach in prehistory can help explain striking parallels observed for independent sequences as well as conjunctures and divergences in specific world culture areas

Observations of Stratiform Lightning Flashes and Their Microphysical and Kinematic Environments

During the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E), combined observations of clouds and precipitation were made from airborne and ground-based in situ and remote sensing platforms. These observations were coordinated for multiple mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that passed over the MC3E domain in northern Oklahoma. Notably, during a storm on 20 May 2011 in situ and remote sensing airborne observations were made near the times and locations of stratiform positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning flashes. These +CGs resulted from extremely large stratiform lightning flashes that were hundreds of km in length and lasted several seconds. This dataset provides an unprecedented look at kinematic and microphysical environments in the vicinity of large, powerful, and long-lived stratiform lightning flashes. We will use this dataset to understand the influence of low liquid water contents (LWCs) in the electrical charging of MCS stratiform regions

Bronzkori tájakon a Benta völgyében : Kutatások a központ és „hátországa” kapcsolatának megismerésére | Bronze Age Landscapes in the Benta Valley : Research on the Hinterland of Bronze Age Centres

Közép-Európában a bronzkori települések hálózatának és a hozzájuk kapcsolódó temetkezéseknek a kutatása a régészeti terepmunkának mindig is meghatározó irányvonalát alkotta. Az elmúlt évszázadok kutatói elsősorban a nagyobb központi települések, tellek, földvárak megismerését tűzték ki célul. Az utóbbi bő évtizedben alapvető változás kezdődött ezen a területen is. A központi települések tanulmányozása mellett hangsúlyosabbá váltak a mikroregionális kutatások, az eltérő funkciójú és szerkezetű települések és temetkezések vizsgálata. A bronzkori tájhasználat tágan értelmezett kérdéseinek megválaszolására csak komplex kutatási programok vállalkozhatnak. A kutatás során többek között a következő kérdések merülnek fel: 1) Miként definiálhatók regionálisan és mikroregionálisan a bronzkor különböző időszakaiban a települési struktúrák? 2) Léteztek-e valódi központok, specializált települések a bronzkorban Közép-Európában? 3) Hogyan befolyásolta a kulturális háttér az adott régió tájhasználatát? 4) A temetőkben hogyan nyilvánul meg a társadalmi és politikai szerveződés? Ilyen komplex, nemzetközi kutatási programok keretében került sor Százhalombatta vidéke bronzkori településtörténetének vizsgálatára. | Research on the network of Bronze Age settlements and their burial grounds has always been a priority of archaeological fieldwork in Central Europe. Researchers of the past centuries tended to focus on the large central settlements such as tells and hillforts. The past decade has seen a shift in research perspectives: while the study of central settlements has lost none of its importance, interest has grown in micro-regional research and the investigation of settlements with differing function and layout. Only complex research projects can address broad issues of Bronze Age land use. We sought answers to the following questions: 1) Did differences exist between the regional and micro-regional settlement patterns during successive periods of the Bronze Age? 2) Were there genuine centres and specialised settlements during the Bronze Age in Central Europe? 3) How did a communityʼs cultural background influence landscape use in a particular region? 4) How is social and political organisation reflected in cemeteries? The Bronze Age settlement history of the Százhalombatta area was investigated as part of an international research project

ARQUEOLOGÍA DE JAUJA, PERÚ: DEL INTERMEDIO TEMPRANO AL INTERMEDIO TARDÍO (Resultados de la temporada de campo 1986)

Las investigaciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en 1988 fueron diseñadas para examinar a los Sausa, un grupo cultural pre inka, conocido con el nombre de Wanka, asentado en las serranías de los Andes Centrales del Perú

Chemical data evaluation: General considerations and approaches for IUPAC projects and the chemistry community (IUPAC Technical Report)

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has a long tradition of supporting the compilation of chemical data and their evaluation through direct projects, nomenclature and terminology work, and partnerships with international scientific bodies, government agencies, and other organizations. The IUPAC Interdivisional Subcommittee on Critical Evaluation of Data has been established to provide guidance on issues related to the evaluation of chemical data. In this first report, we define the general principles of the evaluation of scientific data and describe best practices and approaches to data evaluation in chemistryinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio