7 research outputs found

    Experimental removal of dominant plants alters the diversity of a network of ïŹ‚ower-visiting insects

    Full text link
    Plants form the base of complex communities on terrestrial ecosystems, and are the basic resource for insect herbivores and their associated natural enemies. Most plants contain ïŹ‚owers, and important interactions occur in these organs. Many insects are ïŹ‚ower visitors and are known to be aïŹ€ected by habitat loss, fragmentation, and changes in landscape structure, but few studies have experimentally tested how habitat loss alters the structure of ïŹ‚ower-visiting insect communities.In this study we focused on thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) as a model system. Previous studies in Reunion have revealed that ïŹ‚owers of the following exotic plants species host highly diverse communities of ïŹ‚ower-visiting thrips : Solanum mauritianum, Lantana camara, Ipomea indica. Here, we tested the hypothesis that elimination of S. mauritianum ïŹ‚owers (as an important habitat for adult thrips) will trigger changes in thrips communities in the other two plants.We established replicated communities involving the three plants, and in a paired design, S. mauritanicum ïŹ‚owers were eliminated or not. The eïŹ€ect of this treatment on thrips was assessed during one month, by estimating their abundance, richness (i.e. the number of species) and diversity (shanon and simpson indexes). A community of eleven native and exotic thrips species was found. The treatment did not have any eïŹ€ect on insect abundance or diversity, but it had an eïŹ€ect on richness: elimination of S. mauritianum ïŹ‚owers had a negative eïŹ€ect on the richness of the number of species found on L. camara, but not on I. indica. At the landscape level, we observed that both the proportion of sugarcane and habitat fragmentation correlated with thrips richness. These correlations, however, were only observed when S. mauritianum ïŹ‚owers were eliminated, and not in our controls. Although our study was performed on exotic plant species, we provide evidence that at a ïŹne spatial scale, the loss of a plant species that hosts a large diversity of ïŹ‚ower-visiting insects can have consequences that cascade to the community of insects inhabiting other plants. Future studies are needed to unveil whether similar eïŹ€ects occur in communities of non-exotic plants, and to explore the consequences of habitat loss at a larger scale

    Effets des interactions trophiques complexes sur la structure et la stabilité des communautés d'arthropodes : implications pour le BiocontrÎle

    No full text
    The experiments were designed to test experimentally theoretical predictions and to get insights into the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of herbivore communities. The work carried out in this thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, we determined the impact of removing a generalist plant, Solanum mauritianum, on the community of thrips on two other plants: Lantana camara and Ipomea indica. The removal of this plant caused an increase in the abundance of F. occidentalis in I. indica, but a decrease of this same species on L. camara. The treatment also resulted in an increase in abundance of H. patersonii on L. camara. Despite changes in the abundance of some species, the removal of S. mauritianum flowers did not show a significant effect on total abundance, species richness and community composition on the other two plants. In the second chapter, we determined the indirect effect of a natural enemy on the coexistence of three species of herbivores, their development on two plants of different quality, and on the consequences for their life history traits. Four communities were established in insect-proof cages and their dynamics were monitored over several generations. The model community consisted of three competing herbivores: two superior competitors (Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae) and one inferior competitor (Echinothrips americanus). The herbivores were attacked by two natural enemies specialized on the two superior competitors: the mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani. The herbivores fed on two host plants: beans (Phaseolus sp.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Our results show that both natural enemy species reduced the densities of their prey/host and as a consequence had a positive indirect effect on the population of the inferior competitor E. americanus. We also show that the parasitoid A. colemani reduced densities of the aphid M. persicae on tobacco and allowed E. americanus to thrive on this plant, which is a host of sub-optimal quality for this insect. This switch in host plant use had consequences for E. americanus life history traits. In the third chapter, we evaluated the effect of natural enemy diversity on the suppression and stability of a herbivore community. We set-up a system consisting of four herbivore species, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and four natural enemies, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii and Nesidiocoris volucer. We established eight different communities with the four herbivores, but with different natural enemy compositions. This allowed us to create a gradient of natural enemy diversity, and a gradient of intraguild predation links (i.e. links that imply predators eating predators). Our results show that suppression of most herbivore species was solely dependent on the presence or absence of the predatory bug N. volucer. In addition to its role on herbivore abundance, this predatory bug also reduced the variation in herbivore population sizes through time, which suggests that predator may increase the stability of herbivore populations. For the spidermite T. urticae, however, the effect was the opposite as the predatory bug increased its densities, probably as a result of predation on interspecific herbivore competitors.. Our study allowed us to identify N. volucer as a keystone species in this system.Les relations entre plantes et insectes herbivores jouent un rĂŽle clĂ© dans la structuration des Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres et rĂ©gissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. Ces relations sont souvent des interactions complexes, impliquant aussi bien des effets directs qu‘indirects. Comprendre ces interactions demeure une nĂ©cessitĂ© et ce non seulement dans un objectif de mettre en place des programmes de lutte biologique, mais Ă©galement afin de comprendre les dynamiques des communautĂ©s dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes naturels. Notre travail de recherche s‘insĂšre Ă  l‘interface entre Ă©cologie des communautĂ©s et recherche agronomique. Son objectif principal est de comprendre l‘effet des interactions trophiques complexes sur la structure et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s d‘herbivores et de dĂ©terminer les relations entre diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels et suppression des herbivores. Les expĂ©riences ont Ă©tĂ© conçues pour tester les prĂ©visions thĂ©oriques et les mĂ©canismes expliquant les consĂ©quences de ces interactions au sein des communautĂ©s. Le travail menĂ© au cours de cette thĂšse comporte trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© l‘impact de lâ€˜Ă©limination d‘une plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste, Solanum mauritianum, sur la structure de la communautĂ© de thrips chez Lantana camara et Ipomoea indica. Lâ€˜Ă©limination de la plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste a provoquĂ© une augmentation de l‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Franklieniella occidentalis chez I. indica. En revanche, chez L. camara, nous avons observĂ© une diminution d‘abondance de cette mĂȘme espĂšce de thrips. Le traitement a Ă©galement provoquĂ© une augmentation d‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Hercinothrips patersonii chez L. camara. MalgrĂ© ces changements d‘abondance de certaines espĂšces, lâ€˜Ă©limination des fleurs de S. mauritianum n‘a pas montrĂ© d‘effet significatif sur l‘abondance totale ainsi que la richesse spĂ©cifique de la communautĂ© de thrips. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© les effets indirects d‘un ennemi naturel sur la coexistence des herbivores, leur dĂ©veloppement sur une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale et enfin sur leurs changements de traits d‘histoire de vie. Quatre communautĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mises en cage insect-proof et leur dynamique a Ă©tĂ© suivie sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations. Le modĂšle dâ€˜Ă©tude est constituĂ© de trois espĂšces d‘herbivores en compĂ©tition. Deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs, l‘acarien Tetranychus urticae et le puceron Myzus persicae, ainsi qu‘un compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur, le thrips Echinothrips americanus. Nous avons Ă©galement intĂ©grĂ© deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels spĂ©cialistes des deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs : l‘acarien Phytoseiulus persimilis (prĂ©dateur de T. urticae) et l‘Aphidiinae Aphidius colemani (parasitoĂŻde de M. persicae). Dans le cadre de notre expĂ©rimentation, nous avons utilisĂ© deux espĂšces de plantes hĂŽtes : le haricot (Phaseolus sp.) et le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum). Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels avaient un effet indirect positif sur la population du compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur E. americanus, favorisant ainsi sa survie, grĂące Ă  lâ€˜Ă©limination des compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs M. persicae et T. urticae. De plus, nos rĂ©sultats ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que le parasitoĂŻde A. colemani, en limitant les populations de M. persicae sur le tabac, Ă©tait susceptible de provoquer un changement de plante hĂŽte d‘E. americanus vers le tabac, qui est pour lui une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale, avec des consĂ©quences sur ses traits d‘histoire de vie. Dans le troisiĂšme chapitre, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© l‘effet de la diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels sur la suppression des herbivores et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s. Nous avons organisĂ© un systĂšme constituĂ© de quatre espĂšces d‘herbivores, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus et Frankliniella occidentalis, et quatre espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii et Nesidiocoris volucer. Nous avons Ă©tabli huit communautĂ©s oĂč les espĂšces d‘herbivores Ă©taient invariables..

    Effects of complex trophic interactions on the structure and stability of arthropod communities of arthropods : implications for Biocontrol

    No full text
    Les relations entre plantes et insectes herbivores jouent un rĂŽle clĂ© dans la structuration des Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres et rĂ©gissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. Ces relations sont souvent des interactions complexes, impliquant aussi bien des effets directs qu‘indirects. Comprendre ces interactions demeure une nĂ©cessitĂ© et ce non seulement dans un objectif de mettre en place des programmes de lutte biologique, mais Ă©galement afin de comprendre les dynamiques des communautĂ©s dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes naturels. Notre travail de recherche s‘insĂšre Ă  l‘interface entre Ă©cologie des communautĂ©s et recherche agronomique. Son objectif principal est de comprendre l‘effet des interactions trophiques complexes sur la structure et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s d‘herbivores et de dĂ©terminer les relations entre diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels et suppression des herbivores. Les expĂ©riences ont Ă©tĂ© conçues pour tester les prĂ©visions thĂ©oriques et les mĂ©canismes expliquant les consĂ©quences de ces interactions au sein des communautĂ©s. Le travail menĂ© au cours de cette thĂšse comporte trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© l‘impact de lâ€˜Ă©limination d‘une plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste, Solanum mauritianum, sur la structure de la communautĂ© de thrips chez Lantana camara et Ipomoea indica. Lâ€˜Ă©limination de la plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste a provoquĂ© une augmentation de l‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Franklieniella occidentalis chez I. indica. En revanche, chez L. camara, nous avons observĂ© une diminution d‘abondance de cette mĂȘme espĂšce de thrips. Le traitement a Ă©galement provoquĂ© une augmentation d‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Hercinothrips patersonii chez L. camara. MalgrĂ© ces changements d‘abondance de certaines espĂšces, lâ€˜Ă©limination des fleurs de S. mauritianum n‘a pas montrĂ© d‘effet significatif sur l‘abondance totale ainsi que la richesse spĂ©cifique de la communautĂ© de thrips. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© les effets indirects d‘un ennemi naturel sur la coexistence des herbivores, leur dĂ©veloppement sur une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale et enfin sur leurs changements de traits d‘histoire de vie. Quatre communautĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mises en cage insect-proof et leur dynamique a Ă©tĂ© suivie sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations. Le modĂšle dâ€˜Ă©tude est constituĂ© de trois espĂšces d‘herbivores en compĂ©tition. Deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs, l‘acarien Tetranychus urticae et le puceron Myzus persicae, ainsi qu‘un compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur, le thrips Echinothrips americanus. Nous avons Ă©galement intĂ©grĂ© deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels spĂ©cialistes des deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs : l‘acarien Phytoseiulus persimilis (prĂ©dateur de T. urticae) et l‘Aphidiinae Aphidius colemani (parasitoĂŻde de M. persicae). Dans le cadre de notre expĂ©rimentation, nous avons utilisĂ© deux espĂšces de plantes hĂŽtes : le haricot (Phaseolus sp.) et le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum). Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels avaient un effet indirect positif sur la population du compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur E. americanus, favorisant ainsi sa survie, grĂące Ă  lâ€˜Ă©limination des compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs M. persicae et T. urticae. De plus, nos rĂ©sultats ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que le parasitoĂŻde A. colemani, en limitant les populations de M. persicae sur le tabac, Ă©tait susceptible de provoquer un changement de plante hĂŽte d‘E. americanus vers le tabac, qui est pour lui une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale, avec des consĂ©quences sur ses traits d‘histoire de vie. Dans le troisiĂšme chapitre, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© l‘effet de la diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels sur la suppression des herbivores et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s. Nous avons organisĂ© un systĂšme constituĂ© de quatre espĂšces d‘herbivores, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus et Frankliniella occidentalis, et quatre espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii et Nesidiocoris volucer. Nous avons Ă©tabli huit communautĂ©s oĂč les espĂšces d‘herbivores Ă©taient invariables...The experiments were designed to test experimentally theoretical predictions and to get insights into the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of herbivore communities. The work carried out in this thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, we determined the impact of removing a generalist plant, Solanum mauritianum, on the community of thrips on two other plants: Lantana camara and Ipomea indica. The removal of this plant caused an increase in the abundance of F. occidentalis in I. indica, but a decrease of this same species on L. camara. The treatment also resulted in an increase in abundance of H. patersonii on L. camara. Despite changes in the abundance of some species, the removal of S. mauritianum flowers did not show a significant effect on total abundance, species richness and community composition on the other two plants. In the second chapter, we determined the indirect effect of a natural enemy on the coexistence of three species of herbivores, their development on two plants of different quality, and on the consequences for their life history traits. Four communities were established in insect-proof cages and their dynamics were monitored over several generations. The model community consisted of three competing herbivores: two superior competitors (Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae) and one inferior competitor (Echinothrips americanus). The herbivores were attacked by two natural enemies specialized on the two superior competitors: the mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani. The herbivores fed on two host plants: beans (Phaseolus sp.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Our results show that both natural enemy species reduced the densities of their prey/host and as a consequence had a positive indirect effect on the population of the inferior competitor E. americanus. We also show that the parasitoid A. colemani reduced densities of the aphid M. persicae on tobacco and allowed E. americanus to thrive on this plant, which is a host of sub-optimal quality for this insect. This switch in host plant use had consequences for E. americanus life history traits. In the third chapter, we evaluated the effect of natural enemy diversity on the suppression and stability of a herbivore community. We set-up a system consisting of four herbivore species, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and four natural enemies, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii and Nesidiocoris volucer. We established eight different communities with the four herbivores, but with different natural enemy compositions. This allowed us to create a gradient of natural enemy diversity, and a gradient of intraguild predation links (i.e. links that imply predators eating predators). Our results show that suppression of most herbivore species was solely dependent on the presence or absence of the predatory bug N. volucer. In addition to its role on herbivore abundance, this predatory bug also reduced the variation in herbivore population sizes through time, which suggests that predator may increase the stability of herbivore populations. For the spidermite T. urticae, however, the effect was the opposite as the predatory bug increased its densities, probably as a result of predation on interspecific herbivore competitors.. Our study allowed us to identify N. volucer as a keystone species in this system

    Effets des interactions trophiques complexes sur la structure et la stabilité des communautés d'arthropodes : implications pour le BiocontrÎle

    No full text
    The experiments were designed to test experimentally theoretical predictions and to get insights into the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of herbivore communities. The work carried out in this thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, we determined the impact of removing a generalist plant, Solanum mauritianum, on the community of thrips on two other plants: Lantana camara and Ipomea indica. The removal of this plant caused an increase in the abundance of F. occidentalis in I. indica, but a decrease of this same species on L. camara. The treatment also resulted in an increase in abundance of H. patersonii on L. camara. Despite changes in the abundance of some species, the removal of S. mauritianum flowers did not show a significant effect on total abundance, species richness and community composition on the other two plants. In the second chapter, we determined the indirect effect of a natural enemy on the coexistence of three species of herbivores, their development on two plants of different quality, and on the consequences for their life history traits. Four communities were established in insect-proof cages and their dynamics were monitored over several generations. The model community consisted of three competing herbivores: two superior competitors (Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae) and one inferior competitor (Echinothrips americanus). The herbivores were attacked by two natural enemies specialized on the two superior competitors: the mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani. The herbivores fed on two host plants: beans (Phaseolus sp.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Our results show that both natural enemy species reduced the densities of their prey/host and as a consequence had a positive indirect effect on the population of the inferior competitor E. americanus. We also show that the parasitoid A. colemani reduced densities of the aphid M. persicae on tobacco and allowed E. americanus to thrive on this plant, which is a host of sub-optimal quality for this insect. This switch in host plant use had consequences for E. americanus life history traits. In the third chapter, we evaluated the effect of natural enemy diversity on the suppression and stability of a herbivore community. We set-up a system consisting of four herbivore species, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and four natural enemies, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii and Nesidiocoris volucer. We established eight different communities with the four herbivores, but with different natural enemy compositions. This allowed us to create a gradient of natural enemy diversity, and a gradient of intraguild predation links (i.e. links that imply predators eating predators). Our results show that suppression of most herbivore species was solely dependent on the presence or absence of the predatory bug N. volucer. In addition to its role on herbivore abundance, this predatory bug also reduced the variation in herbivore population sizes through time, which suggests that predator may increase the stability of herbivore populations. For the spidermite T. urticae, however, the effect was the opposite as the predatory bug increased its densities, probably as a result of predation on interspecific herbivore competitors.. Our study allowed us to identify N. volucer as a keystone species in this system.Les relations entre plantes et insectes herbivores jouent un rĂŽle clĂ© dans la structuration des Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres et rĂ©gissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. Ces relations sont souvent des interactions complexes, impliquant aussi bien des effets directs qu‘indirects. Comprendre ces interactions demeure une nĂ©cessitĂ© et ce non seulement dans un objectif de mettre en place des programmes de lutte biologique, mais Ă©galement afin de comprendre les dynamiques des communautĂ©s dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes naturels. Notre travail de recherche s‘insĂšre Ă  l‘interface entre Ă©cologie des communautĂ©s et recherche agronomique. Son objectif principal est de comprendre l‘effet des interactions trophiques complexes sur la structure et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s d‘herbivores et de dĂ©terminer les relations entre diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels et suppression des herbivores. Les expĂ©riences ont Ă©tĂ© conçues pour tester les prĂ©visions thĂ©oriques et les mĂ©canismes expliquant les consĂ©quences de ces interactions au sein des communautĂ©s. Le travail menĂ© au cours de cette thĂšse comporte trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© l‘impact de lâ€˜Ă©limination d‘une plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste, Solanum mauritianum, sur la structure de la communautĂ© de thrips chez Lantana camara et Ipomoea indica. Lâ€˜Ă©limination de la plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste a provoquĂ© une augmentation de l‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Franklieniella occidentalis chez I. indica. En revanche, chez L. camara, nous avons observĂ© une diminution d‘abondance de cette mĂȘme espĂšce de thrips. Le traitement a Ă©galement provoquĂ© une augmentation d‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Hercinothrips patersonii chez L. camara. MalgrĂ© ces changements d‘abondance de certaines espĂšces, lâ€˜Ă©limination des fleurs de S. mauritianum n‘a pas montrĂ© d‘effet significatif sur l‘abondance totale ainsi que la richesse spĂ©cifique de la communautĂ© de thrips. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© les effets indirects d‘un ennemi naturel sur la coexistence des herbivores, leur dĂ©veloppement sur une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale et enfin sur leurs changements de traits d‘histoire de vie. Quatre communautĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mises en cage insect-proof et leur dynamique a Ă©tĂ© suivie sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations. Le modĂšle dâ€˜Ă©tude est constituĂ© de trois espĂšces d‘herbivores en compĂ©tition. Deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs, l‘acarien Tetranychus urticae et le puceron Myzus persicae, ainsi qu‘un compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur, le thrips Echinothrips americanus. Nous avons Ă©galement intĂ©grĂ© deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels spĂ©cialistes des deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs : l‘acarien Phytoseiulus persimilis (prĂ©dateur de T. urticae) et l‘Aphidiinae Aphidius colemani (parasitoĂŻde de M. persicae). Dans le cadre de notre expĂ©rimentation, nous avons utilisĂ© deux espĂšces de plantes hĂŽtes : le haricot (Phaseolus sp.) et le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum). Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels avaient un effet indirect positif sur la population du compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur E. americanus, favorisant ainsi sa survie, grĂące Ă  lâ€˜Ă©limination des compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs M. persicae et T. urticae. De plus, nos rĂ©sultats ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que le parasitoĂŻde A. colemani, en limitant les populations de M. persicae sur le tabac, Ă©tait susceptible de provoquer un changement de plante hĂŽte d‘E. americanus vers le tabac, qui est pour lui une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale, avec des consĂ©quences sur ses traits d‘histoire de vie. Dans le troisiĂšme chapitre, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© l‘effet de la diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels sur la suppression des herbivores et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s. Nous avons organisĂ© un systĂšme constituĂ© de quatre espĂšces d‘herbivores, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus et Frankliniella occidentalis, et quatre espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii et Nesidiocoris volucer. Nous avons Ă©tabli huit communautĂ©s oĂč les espĂšces d‘herbivores Ă©taient invariables..

    Effets des interactions trophiques complexes sur la structure et la stabilité des communautés d'arthropodes : implications pour le BiocontrÎle

    No full text
    The experiments were designed to test experimentally theoretical predictions and to get insights into the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of herbivore communities. The work carried out in this thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, we determined the impact of removing a generalist plant, Solanum mauritianum, on the community of thrips on two other plants: Lantana camara and Ipomea indica. The removal of this plant caused an increase in the abundance of F. occidentalis in I. indica, but a decrease of this same species on L. camara. The treatment also resulted in an increase in abundance of H. patersonii on L. camara. Despite changes in the abundance of some species, the removal of S. mauritianum flowers did not show a significant effect on total abundance, species richness and community composition on the other two plants. In the second chapter, we determined the indirect effect of a natural enemy on the coexistence of three species of herbivores, their development on two plants of different quality, and on the consequences for their life history traits. Four communities were established in insect-proof cages and their dynamics were monitored over several generations. The model community consisted of three competing herbivores: two superior competitors (Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae) and one inferior competitor (Echinothrips americanus). The herbivores were attacked by two natural enemies specialized on the two superior competitors: the mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani. The herbivores fed on two host plants: beans (Phaseolus sp.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Our results show that both natural enemy species reduced the densities of their prey/host and as a consequence had a positive indirect effect on the population of the inferior competitor E. americanus. We also show that the parasitoid A. colemani reduced densities of the aphid M. persicae on tobacco and allowed E. americanus to thrive on this plant, which is a host of sub-optimal quality for this insect. This switch in host plant use had consequences for E. americanus life history traits. In the third chapter, we evaluated the effect of natural enemy diversity on the suppression and stability of a herbivore community. We set-up a system consisting of four herbivore species, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and four natural enemies, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii and Nesidiocoris volucer. We established eight different communities with the four herbivores, but with different natural enemy compositions. This allowed us to create a gradient of natural enemy diversity, and a gradient of intraguild predation links (i.e. links that imply predators eating predators). Our results show that suppression of most herbivore species was solely dependent on the presence or absence of the predatory bug N. volucer. In addition to its role on herbivore abundance, this predatory bug also reduced the variation in herbivore population sizes through time, which suggests that predator may increase the stability of herbivore populations. For the spidermite T. urticae, however, the effect was the opposite as the predatory bug increased its densities, probably as a result of predation on interspecific herbivore competitors.. Our study allowed us to identify N. volucer as a keystone species in this system.Les relations entre plantes et insectes herbivores jouent un rĂŽle clĂ© dans la structuration des Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres et rĂ©gissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. Ces relations sont souvent des interactions complexes, impliquant aussi bien des effets directs qu‘indirects. Comprendre ces interactions demeure une nĂ©cessitĂ© et ce non seulement dans un objectif de mettre en place des programmes de lutte biologique, mais Ă©galement afin de comprendre les dynamiques des communautĂ©s dans les Ă©cosystĂšmes naturels. Notre travail de recherche s‘insĂšre Ă  l‘interface entre Ă©cologie des communautĂ©s et recherche agronomique. Son objectif principal est de comprendre l‘effet des interactions trophiques complexes sur la structure et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s d‘herbivores et de dĂ©terminer les relations entre diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels et suppression des herbivores. Les expĂ©riences ont Ă©tĂ© conçues pour tester les prĂ©visions thĂ©oriques et les mĂ©canismes expliquant les consĂ©quences de ces interactions au sein des communautĂ©s. Le travail menĂ© au cours de cette thĂšse comporte trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© l‘impact de lâ€˜Ă©limination d‘une plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste, Solanum mauritianum, sur la structure de la communautĂ© de thrips chez Lantana camara et Ipomoea indica. Lâ€˜Ă©limination de la plante gĂ©nĂ©raliste a provoquĂ© une augmentation de l‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Franklieniella occidentalis chez I. indica. En revanche, chez L. camara, nous avons observĂ© une diminution d‘abondance de cette mĂȘme espĂšce de thrips. Le traitement a Ă©galement provoquĂ© une augmentation d‘abondance de l‘espĂšce Hercinothrips patersonii chez L. camara. MalgrĂ© ces changements d‘abondance de certaines espĂšces, lâ€˜Ă©limination des fleurs de S. mauritianum n‘a pas montrĂ© d‘effet significatif sur l‘abondance totale ainsi que la richesse spĂ©cifique de la communautĂ© de thrips. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© les effets indirects d‘un ennemi naturel sur la coexistence des herbivores, leur dĂ©veloppement sur une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale et enfin sur leurs changements de traits d‘histoire de vie. Quatre communautĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mises en cage insect-proof et leur dynamique a Ă©tĂ© suivie sur plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations. Le modĂšle dâ€˜Ă©tude est constituĂ© de trois espĂšces d‘herbivores en compĂ©tition. Deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs, l‘acarien Tetranychus urticae et le puceron Myzus persicae, ainsi qu‘un compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur, le thrips Echinothrips americanus. Nous avons Ă©galement intĂ©grĂ© deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels spĂ©cialistes des deux compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs : l‘acarien Phytoseiulus persimilis (prĂ©dateur de T. urticae) et l‘Aphidiinae Aphidius colemani (parasitoĂŻde de M. persicae). Dans le cadre de notre expĂ©rimentation, nous avons utilisĂ© deux espĂšces de plantes hĂŽtes : le haricot (Phaseolus sp.) et le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum). Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les deux espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels avaient un effet indirect positif sur la population du compĂ©titeur infĂ©rieur E. americanus, favorisant ainsi sa survie, grĂące Ă  lâ€˜Ă©limination des compĂ©titeurs supĂ©rieurs M. persicae et T. urticae. De plus, nos rĂ©sultats ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que le parasitoĂŻde A. colemani, en limitant les populations de M. persicae sur le tabac, Ă©tait susceptible de provoquer un changement de plante hĂŽte d‘E. americanus vers le tabac, qui est pour lui une plante de qualitĂ© sub-optimale, avec des consĂ©quences sur ses traits d‘histoire de vie. Dans le troisiĂšme chapitre, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© l‘effet de la diversitĂ© des ennemis naturels sur la suppression des herbivores et la stabilitĂ© des communautĂ©s. Nous avons organisĂ© un systĂšme constituĂ© de quatre espĂšces d‘herbivores, Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Echinothrips americanus et Frankliniella occidentalis, et quatre espĂšces d‘ennemis naturels, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Aphidius colemani, Amblyseius swirskii et Nesidiocoris volucer. Nous avons Ă©tabli huit communautĂ©s oĂč les espĂšces d‘herbivores Ă©taient invariables..
    corecore