Seroepidemiological survey of canine visceral leishmaniasis in a continental island of northeast Brazil

Introdução: Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma doença endêmica em municípios vizinhos à Ilha de Maré, situada na plataforma continental do município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Entretanto, casos de LV não tem sido notificados nesta Ilha. Objetivo: foi investigar a soroprevalência e sinais clínicos de Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) e identificar a população de flebótomos presentes no povoado de Botelho, Ilha de Maré. Metodologia: Soro de cães locais foram testados para IgG anti-Leishmania por imunoensaios (teste rápido TR DPP™ e Elisa Indireto) e uma investigação entomológica foi conduzida. Resultados: 106 amostras foram testadas, sendo que sete (6,6%) foram positivas usando o teste rápido. As amostras positivas foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório Central da Bahia para a confirmação, entretanto, essas amostras apresentaram resultado negativo no ELISA indireto. Foi identificada a presença de nove exemplares da espécie Pressatia choti, subfamília Phlebotominae, espécie frequentemente encontrada em áreas de transmissão de leishmaniose cutânea no Brasil. Conclusão: Apesar deste trabalho não ter identificado a presença de LVC na Ilha de Maré, novos inquéritos sorológicos e analises entomológicas em uma maior área da ilha de Maré serão necessários para a manutenção de uma vigilância epidemiológico na região insular em destaque

UniMorph 4.0:Universal Morphology

The Universal Morphology (UniMorph) project is a collaborative effort providing broad-coverage instantiated normalized morphological inflection tables for hundreds of diverse world languages. The project comprises two major thrusts: a language-independent feature schema for rich morphological annotation and a type-level resource of annotated data in diverse languages realizing that schema. This paper presents the expansions and improvements made on several fronts over the last couple of years (since McCarthy et al. (2020)). Collaborative efforts by numerous linguists have added 67 new languages, including 30 endangered languages. We have implemented several improvements to the extraction pipeline to tackle some issues, e.g. missing gender and macron information. We have also amended the schema to use a hierarchical structure that is needed for morphological phenomena like multiple-argument agreement and case stacking, while adding some missing morphological features to make the schema more inclusive. In light of the last UniMorph release, we also augmented the database with morpheme segmentation for 16 languages. Lastly, this new release makes a push towards inclusion of derivational morphology in UniMorph by enriching the data and annotation schema with instances representing derivational processes from MorphyNet

Infected pancreatic necrosis: outcomes and clinical predictors of mortality. A post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study

: The identification of high-risk patients in the early stages of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is critical, because it could help the clinicians to adopt more effective management strategies. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study to assess the association between clinical risk factors and mortality among adult patients with IPN. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors of mortality. We identified 247 consecutive patients with IPN hospitalised between January 2019 and December 2020. History of uncontrolled arterial hypertension (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.135-15.882; aOR 4.245), qSOFA (p = 0.005; 95% CI 1.359-5.879; aOR 2.828), renal failure (p = 0.022; 95% CI 1.138-5.442; aOR 2.489), and haemodynamic failure (p = 0.018; 95% CI 1.184-5.978; aOR 2.661), were identified as independent predictors of mortality in IPN patients. Cholangitis (p = 0.003; 95% CI 1.598-9.930; aOR 3.983), abdominal compartment syndrome (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.090-6.967; aOR 2.735), and gastrointestinal/intra-abdominal bleeding (p = 0.009; 95% CI 1.286-5.712; aOR 2.710) were independently associated with the risk of mortality. Upfront open surgical necrosectomy was strongly associated with the risk of mortality (p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.912-7.442; aOR 3.772), whereas endoscopic drainage of pancreatic necrosis (p = 0.018; 95% CI 0.138-0.834; aOR 0.339) and enteral nutrition (p = 0.003; 95% CI 0.143-0.716; aOR 0.320) were found as protective factors. Organ failure, acute cholangitis, and upfront open surgical necrosectomy were the most significant predictors of mortality. Our study confirmed that, even in a subgroup of particularly ill patients such as those with IPN, upfront open surgery should be avoided as much as possible. Study protocol registered in ClinicalTrials.Gov (I.D. Number NCT04747990)

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License

Growth, feed efficiency, carcass traits and fecal parameters as an indicator of starch digestion and their correlation with feed efficiency in Nelore cattle.

O consumo alimentar residual (CAR) é uma medida de eficiência alimentar independente da taxa de crescimento e do peso adulto. Pouco se sabe sobre associações entre o CAR e as características de produtividade dos animais selecionados para este parâmetro, bem como os mecanismos relacionados ao aumento na eficiência alimentar dos animais selecionados para o CAR. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as associações entre CAR, desempenho, crescimento dos componentes da carcaça e digestão do amido em bovinos Nelore, em confinamento, e avaliar a utilização dos parâmetros fecais, (porcentagem de amido, proteína, matéria seca e pH), como indicadores da digestão do amido. Noventa e seis touros da raça Nelore selecionados como elite ou superior na prova de ganho de peso a pasto e classificados quanto ao seu temperamento, medido pela distância mínima de aproximação, foram confinados e alimentado ad libitum (68% NDT, 13,5% PB, 28,1% amido) durante 68 dias com peso vivo médio inicial de 408±33 e idade de 645±52 dias. A ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e o ganho médio diário (GMD) foram medidos individualmente. As pesagens e as mensurações da espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), espessura de gordura na picanha (EGP) e a área de olho de lombo (AOL) foram realizadas a cada 21 dias. Os animais foram classificados como sendo de alto CAR (DP>0,5), baixo CAR (DP0,5), low (SD<0,5) and intermediary RFI. The starch of the diet and orts was determinate by laboratory analyses and the fecal starch was determinate with NIRS, and the starch digestion estimated. Low RFI bulls had low DMI and feed:gain than high RFI bulls, but no difference were observe in daily BWG, final BW, REA, BF, temperament and daily gain in the pasture performance test. More efficient bulls had no difference in starch digestion, however low RFI bulls had lower crude protein in the feces. RFI was positively correlated with DMI, starch intake and feed efficiency, but RFI was not correlated with daily BWG in the pasture performance test and temperament. Starch digestion was positively associated with Fecal CP and negatively associated with DM and starch. There was no association between RFI and daily BWG on pasture and temperament, perhaps because these animals belonged to a herd that was selected for these characteristics and also were the animals that had the best performance on pasture test

Hematological profile of beef cattle with divergent residual feed intake, following feed deprivation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os perfis hematológicos de novilhos e touros, de acordo com o consumo alimentar residual (CAR), após jejum de alimentos. Novilhos e touros Nelore, com 20 meses de idade, foram alimentados em confinamento por 70 e 56 dias, respectivamente. O CAR foi calculado como a diferença entre o consumo observado e o consumo esperado de alimentos. Novilhos e touros mais e menos eficientes, de acordo com o CAR, foram submetidos a jejum de alimentos por 24 horas. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes e após este período. As análises hematológicas incluíram contagem global e diferenciação de células brancas, contagem global e morfologia de células vermelhas, e concentração de glicose plasmática. A variação em CAR não influenciou a glicose plasmática ou o perfil de células sanguíneas. A concentração de glicose em touros diminuiu de 114 para 97 mg dL-1, mas manteve‑se inalterada em novilhos, e a razão neutrófilo:linfócito aumentou de 0,39 para 0,57 após o jejum. Não foram observadas diferenças no perfil hematológico de novilhos e touros mais e menos eficientes, de acordo com o CAR.The objective of this work was to  characterize the hematological profiles of steers  and bulls, according to residual feed intake (RFI), after feed deprivation. Twenty‑month‑old Nellore steers and bulls were fed feedlot diets for 70 and 56 days, respectively. RFI was calculated as the difference between actual feed intake and expected feed intake. More and less efficient steers and bulls, according to RFI, were subjected to 24 hours of food deprivation. Blood was sampled prior to and following the withdrawal period. Hematological analyses included total and differential white blood cell count, red blood cell count and morphology, and plasma glucose concentration. Variation in RFI did not influence plasma glucose concentration or blood cell profiles. Glucose concentrations in bulls decreased from 114 to 97 mg dL-1, but remained unchanged in steers, and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio increased from 0.39 to 0.57 following deprivation. Hematological profiles do not differ between more and less efficient steers and bulls, according to RFI