Estrutura e invariância da Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) em adolescentes

The main objective of this study was to test the factorial structure and gender invariance of the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) in a non-clinical sample of 657 adolescents (Mage = 16.3 years; SD = 1.19). The research design was an instrumental investigation, based on a cross-sectional survey with a sample of adolescents in Brazil. The results presented satisfactory evidence of the validity of the factorial structure and gender invariance for the sample. The composite reliability was also satisfactory, and no problems were detected related to common method bias. The mean of the items explained variance was .31 (31 %), with a Cronbach’s Alpha at .84 for the total scale, .81 and .69 for the anxiety and depression subscales, respectively. In the discussion, we analyzed questions related to the average variance extracted of the scale, which was lower than expected. Thus, we conclude that the current findings provide validity evidence to the application of the HADS with Brazilian adolescents for clinical or research purposes.  El principal objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la estructura factorial y la invarianza de género de la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, HADS) en una muestra no clínica de 657 adolescentes (M edad = 16.3; DE = 1.19). El diseño de pesquisa fue una investigación instrumental, basada en una encuesta transversal con una muestra de adolescentes en Brasil. Los resultados mostraron evidencias satisfactorias de la validez de la estructura factorial y de la invarianza de género para este público. La confiabilidad compuesta también fue satisfactoria, así como no se detectaron problemas relacionados con el sesgo del método común. La media de la varianza explicada de los ítems fue de .31 (31 %), con un alfa de Cronbach de .84 para la escala total, .81 y .69 para las subescalas de ansiedad y depresión, respectivamente. En la discusión, se analizan preguntas relacionadas con la varianza promedio extraída de la escala, que resultó debajo de las expectativas iniciales. Se concluye que los hallazgos actuales brindan evidencias de validez a la aplicación de la HADS con adolescentes brasileños, sea con fines clínicos o de investigación científica.  O principal objetivo deste estudo foi testar a estrutura fatorial e invariância de gênero da Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, HADS) em uma amostra não-clínica de 657 adolescentes (Midade =16,3; DP = 1,19). O desenho da pesquisa foi instrumental, baseado em um levantamento transversal com uma amostra de adolescentes no Brasil. Os resultados apontaram evidências satisfatórias de validade da estrutura fatorial e de invariância de gênero para esse público. A Confiabilidade Composta também se mostrou satisfatória, bem como não foram detectados problemas relativos ao Viés do Método Comum. A média da variância explicada dos itens foi de 0,31, com um alfa de Cronbach de 0,84 para a escala total, 0,81 e 0,69 para as subescalas de ansiedade e depressão, respectivamente. Na discussão, foram analisadas questões relativas à Variância Média Extraída da escala, que se revelou abaixo do esperado. Concluiu-se que os achados trazem evidências de validade para a utilização da HADS junto a adolescentes brasileiros, seja com finalidade clínica ou investigação científica.

Black people are convicted more for being black than for being poor: The role of social norms and cultural prejudice on biased racial judgments

Black and poor people are more frequently convicted of committing crimes. However, the specific role played by skin color and social class in convicting a person has yet to be clarified. This article aims to elucidate this issue by proposing that belonging to a lower social class facilitates the conviction of black targets and that this phenomenon is because information about social class dissimulates racial bias. Study 1 (N = 160) demonstrated that information about belonging to the lower classes increases agreement with a criminal suspect being sentenced to prison only when described as being black. Furthermore, Studies 2 (N = 170) and 3 (N = 174) show that the anti-prejudice norm inhibits discrimination against the black target when participants were asked to express individual racial prejudice, but not when they expressed cultural racial prejudice. Finally, Study 4 (N = 134) demonstrated that lower-class black targets were discriminated against to a greater degree when participants expressed either individual or cultural prejudice and showed that this occurs when racial and class anti-prejudice norms are salient. The results suggest that social class negatively affects judgments of black targets because judgment based on lower class mitigates the racist motivation of discrimination.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Exclusión Social de Personas que Sufren de Trastornos Mentales: una Propuesta de Modelo Explicativo

Abstract: Beliefs about the nature of social groups may motivate people to exclude members of minority groups from their conviviality. This process is analyzed in this article by proposing an explanatory model for the social exclusion of people suffering from mental disorders wherein beliefs about the nature of mental disorder, the perception of threat and prejudice contribute to social exclusion. Two studies (Study 1, N = 254; Study 2, N = 236) were conducted with university students who answered the following questions about beliefs and prejudices regarding mental disorders, perceived threat and social exclusion. Regression analyses have shown that exclusion is motivated by prejudice, whose impact is mediated by perceived threat. The results also indicated that prejudice is anchored in participants’ beliefs on the nature of mental disorders, especially those with a religious basis.Resumen: Las creencias de las personas sobre la naturaleza de los grupos sociales pueden motivar la exclusión de su convivencia de miembros de grupos minoritarios. El presente artículo analiza este proceso y propone un modelo explicativo de exclusión social de las personas que sufren de trastornos mentales, en que las creencias sobre la naturaleza del trastorno mental, la percepción de amenaza y el prejuicio contribuyen a la exclusión social. Para ello, se realizaron dos estudios (Estudio 1, N = 254; Estudio 2, N = 236) con estudiantes universitarios que respondieron las preguntas sobre creencias y prejuicios acerca de los trastornos mentales, sobre percepción de amenaza y sobre exclusión social. Los análisis de regresión demostraron que la motivación de la exclusión es el prejuicio, siendo que el impacto del prejuicio es mediado por la percepción de amenaza. Los resultados también apuntan que el prejuicio tiene por base las creencias que mantienen los participantes sobre la naturaleza de los trastornos mentales, especialmente aquellas religiosas.Resumo: As crenças sobre a natureza dos grupos sociais podem motivar as pessoas a excluírem membros de grupos minoritários do seu convívio. Este artigo analisa esse processo propondo um modelo explicativo da exclusão social de pessoas que sofrem com transtornos mentais no qual as crenças sobre a natureza do transtorno mental, a percepção de ameaça e o preconceito contribuem para a exclusão social. Para tanto foram realizados dois estudos (Estudo 1, N = 254; Estudo 2, N = 236) com estudantes universitários que responderam os seguintes perguntas sobre crenças e preconceito acerca dos transtornos mentais, percepção de ameaça e exclusão social. Análises de regressão demonstraram que a exclusão é motivada pelo preconceito, sendo o impacto do preconceito mediado pela percepção de ameaça. Os resultados também indicaram que o preconceito está ancorado nas crenças que os participantes mantêm sobre a natureza dos transtornos mentais, especialmente aquelas de base religiosa

Social Exclusion of People Who Suffer from Mental Disorders: A Proposal for an Explanatory Model

Beliefs about the nature of social groups may motivate people to exclude members of minority groups from their conviviality. This process is analyzed in this article by proposing an explanatory model for the social exclusion of people suffering from mental disorders wherein beliefs about the nature of mental disorder, the perception of threat and prejudice contribute to social exclusion. Two studies (Study 1, N = 254; Study 2, N = 236) were conducted with university students who answered the following questions about beliefs and prejudices regarding mental disorders, perceived threat and social exclusion. Regression analyses have shown that exclusion is motivated by prejudice, whose impact is mediated by perceived threat. The results also indicated that prejudice is anchored in participants’ beliefs on the nature of mental disorders, especially those with a religious basis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Perceptions of parents questionnaire: evidence of a measure of parenting styles

Os estilos parentais são investigados há várias décadas, sendo considerados preditores de comportamentos dos jovens. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal elaborar uma versão reduzida de uma medida brasileira que pode ser empregada para avaliar tais estilos, isto é, o Questionário de Percepção dos Pais - QPP. Participaram 386 estudantes do ensino fundamental, com idade média de 12,7 anos (DP = 1,60), que responderam duas versões do QPP, cada uma com 20 itens, que avaliavam a percepção dos jovens em relação ao seu pai (QPP-20-P) e sua mãe (QPP-20-M). Por meio de análise de componentes principais, identificou-se uma estrutura com dois componentes (responsividade e exigência) para ambas as versões, explicando cerca de 40% da variância total. Tais componentes apresentaram Alfas de Cronbach superiores a 0,70. Concluiu-se que existem evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna desta medida.Los estilos parentales han sido investigados por décadas, siendo considerados predictores de comportamientos de los jóvenes. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue producir una versión reducida de una medida brasileña que se puede utilizar para evaluar estos estilos, el Cuestionario de Percepción de los Padres (CPP-20), un instrumento útil para evaluar tales estilos parentales. Participaron 386 estudiantes de primaria (208 varones) con edad promedia de 12.7 años (dt = 1.60). Dos versiones del CPP, cada una con 20 ítems, fueron contestadas, evaluando la percepción de los jóvenes con respecto a sus padres (CPP-20-P) y madres (CPP-20-M). Un análisis de componentes principales (rotación varimax) reveló una estructura de dos factores (receptividad y exigencia) para las dos versiones, explicando alrededor de un 40% de la varianza total. Estos componentes presentaron alfas de Cronbach superiores a 0.70. Se concluyó que existen evidencias de validez factorial y fiabilidad de esta medida, que incluye dos dimensiones principales de los estilos parentales.Parenting styles have been investigated for several decades and are considered predictors of behavior among young individuals. This study's objective was to produce a reduced version of a Brazilian measure that can used to evaluate such styles, the Parental Perception Questionnaire (PPQ-20), an instrument that is useful in assessing parenting styles. The participants were 386 elementary-school students (208 men) with a mean age of 12.7 years (sd = 1.60). The participants answered two versions of the PPQ, each one composed of 20 items to assess the young individuals' perceptions concerning their fathers (PPQ-20-F) and mothers (PPQ-20-M). The analysis of principal components (varimax rotation) revealed a two-component structure (responsiveness and demandingness) for both versions, which accounted for about 40% of the total variance. These components presented Cronbach's alpha scores above 0.70. Finally, there is evidence this measure has factorial validity and internal consistency

Cuestionario de percepción de los padres: evidencias de una medida de estilos parentales

Os estilos parentais são investigados há várias décadas, sendo considerados preditores de comportamentos dos jovens. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal elaborar uma versão reduzida de uma medida brasileira que pode ser empregada para avaliar tais estilos, isto é, o Questionário de Percepção dos Pais - QPP. Participaram 386 estudantes do ensino fundamental, com idade média de 12,7 anos (DP = 1,60), que responderam duas versões do QPP, cada uma com 20 itens, que avaliavam a percepção dos jovens em relação ao seu pai (QPP-20-P) e sua mãe (QPP-20-M). Por meio de análise de componentes principais, identificou-se uma estrutura com dois componentes (responsividade e exigência) para ambas as versões, explicando cerca de 40% da variância total. Tais componentes apresentaram Alfas de Cronbach superiores a 0,70. Concluiu-se que existem evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna desta medida.Parenting styles have been investigated for several decades and are considered predictors of behavior among young individuals. This study's objective was to produce a reduced version of a Brazilian measure that can used to evaluate such styles, the Parental Perception Questionnaire (PPQ-20), an instrument that is useful in assessing parenting styles. The participants were 386 elementary-school students (208 men) with a mean age of 12.7 years (sd = 1.60). The participants answered two versions of the PPQ, each one composed of 20 items to assess the young individuals' perceptions concerning their fathers (PPQ-20-F) and mothers (PPQ-20-M). The analysis of principal components (varimax rotation) revealed a two-component structure (responsiveness and demandingness) for both versions, which accounted for about 40% of the total variance. These components presented Cronbach's alpha scores above 0.70. Finally, there is evidence this measure has factorial validity and internal consistency.Los estilos parentales han sido investigados por décadas, siendo considerados predictores de comportamientos de los jóvenes. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue producir una versión reducida de una medida brasileña que se puede utilizar para evaluar estos estilos, el Cuestionario de Percepción de los Padres (CPP-20), un instrumento útil para evaluar tales estilos parentales. Participaron 386 estudiantes de primaria (208 varones) con edad promedia de 12.7 años (dt = 1.60). Dos versiones del CPP, cada una con 20 ítems, fueron contestadas, evaluando la percepción de los jóvenes con respecto a sus padres (CPP-20-P) y madres (CPP-20-M). Un análisis de componentes principales (rotación varimax) reveló una estructura de dos factores (receptividad y exigencia) para las dos versiones, explicando alrededor de un 40% de la varianza total. Estos componentes presentaron alfas de Cronbach superiores a 0.70. Se concluyó que existen evidencias de validez factorial y fiabilidad de esta medida, que incluye dos dimensiones principales de los estilos parentales

Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability

Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect (p <.05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3–9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276–3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Δr =.002 or.014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols (r =.05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols (r =.04) and the original RP:P replications (r =.11), and smaller than that of the original studies (r =.37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r =.07, range =.00–.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r =.37, range =.19–.50)