Affirmational and Transformational Values and Practices in the Tolkien Fanfiction Community

Fanfiction based on the legendarium of J.R.R. Tolkien has existed for at least six decades and has been, within the past two, one of the most consistently active online fanfiction communities. Despite this, the fandom has been relatively unstudied by fan studies scholars. This paper considers how Tolkien-based fanfiction corroborates and complicates current theories of fanfiction, focusing especially on a theory proposed by obsession_inc that proposes two types of fandoms: affirmational and transformational. Current thought places fanfiction at the transformational end of the continuum. Using quantitative survey data of authors and readers of Tolkien-based fanfiction, this paper offers evidence that Tolkien-based fanfiction contains significant affirmational components that are an intentional and valued part of many Tolkien fanfiction communities. Authors and readers regard authority, critical functions of fanfiction, and reparative purposes for fanfiction differently than the more commonly studied media fandoms. Yet one cannot say simply that authors of Tolkien-based fanfiction are more affirmational than other fanwriters; instead, evidence shows that authors and readers of Tolkien-based fanfiction navigate transformational and affirmational elements in complex ways, and community cultures often center upon members’ values and practices

On Leadership for “the Every Judge”

To effectively run a courtroom, the judge needs to be in charge. Perhaps because of that, judges are classically viewed as leaders. That view, in turn, frequently places judges in leadership for various outside-of-the-courtroom endeavors, both within and outside of the court system. But the best leadership styles for these various settings can be quite different. Judicial leadership that works well in running a courtroom may fail miserably outside of the courtroom. That is true in off-the-bench efforts both inside and outside of the court system

Attainable Vistas: Historical Bias in Tolkien\u27s Legendarium as a Motive for Transformative Fanworks

Conventional wisdom in fan studies presumes that writers of fan fiction or transformative fiction assume a level of authority equal to that of the original author and editor, an authority that grants them the right to critique, comment upon, and even change the facts present in the original work in an attempt to achieve coherence between the imagined world and the fan writer\u27s personal experiences. In the Tolkien fan fiction community, as this paper will show, this assumption is not so simple. The amount of authority granted to a fan fiction writer is a central conflict within the Tolkien fan fiction community, and community-built archives often reflect the various views on this issue. Tolkien\u27s construction of his legendarium as a pseudohistory, complete with fictional narrators or loremasters, offers one means by which some writers of Tolkien-based fan fiction extend their authority to critique and change the details of the texts. As this paper will show, Tolkien employed fictional loremasters and wrote his books from their distinctly biased perspectives. Pengolodh, as the primary loremaster of The Silmarillion, was given a background that leaves him particularly susceptible to bias, and analysis of how characters and realms are discussed in The Silmarillion show that this bias reflects subtly in ways that even readers unfamiliar with Pengolodh\u27s personal history are able to detect. Correcting this bias by showing other perspectives on the story becomes a motive not only for writing fan fiction but for extending the fan writer\u27s authority far enough to allow alteration of details of the text. Using a survey I conducted of Tolkien fan fiction readers and writers, as well as data collected from online Tolkien fan fiction archives, I show that writers of fan fiction based on The Silmarillion do often choose which characters they write about based on that character\u27s subjection to negative historical bias from the pseudohistorical loremasters. Characters receiving negative bias tend to be more popular subjects with many Silmarillion fan fiction writers, who attempt to show the story from those characters\u27 perspectives and correct the bias in the source text. However, not all archives showed this effect, and authors on archives with a reputation for a more conservative use of the source texts are significantly less motivated by historical bias than authors on archives that encourage critical and corrective motives for writing fan fiction. This difference illustrates the fragmentation of the Tolkien fan fiction community along the lines of authority, namely the extent to which it is acceptable for writers of fan fiction to assume equal authority to J. R. R. and Christopher Tolkien in altering the texts to better reflect the writer\u27s understanding of reality. In the fan fiction community in particular—a community comprised primarily of women—fans use the historical bias in the texts and their own experiences with bias and injustice to justify granting a more prominent role to characters and groups maligned or ignored by the books\u27 fictional loremasters and to maintain relevance of the books to a more diverse audience than Tolkien himself likely imagined

Changes in American Megachurches: Tracing Eight Years of Growth and Innovation in the Nation’s Largest-Attendance Congregations

The report focuses on developing patterns of megachurches observed across three national surveys done in 2000, 2005 and 2008 in a partnership between the Hartford Institute for Religion Research, Hartford Seminary and Leadership Network

Assessing the timing of intracontinental uplift of the Gobi Altai, Mongolia using low-temperature thermochronology

The India-Eurasia collision has affected many regions throughout the Asian continent. The Gobi Altai, located in south-central Mongolia has been transpressionally reactivated in response to these far-field stresses, forming localized regions of high topography. New apatite U-Th/He ages along the mountain blocks Ikh Bogd and Baga Bogd in the Gobi Altai constrain the onset of exhumation and faulting. These ages identify the apparent beginning of Cenozoic deformation as compared to a previous thermochronology study that used apatite fission-track length modeling to suggest a young cooling event at 5±3 Ma (Vassallo et al., 2007). Single-grain analyses of a suite of samples from Ikh Bogd show a systematic relationship between age and depth below a paleo-low relief surface that caps the massif. Oldest ages are found at the highest elevations and show more dispersion, which is expected for slow cooling rates that are inferred. Conversely, low elevation samples give the youngest and most tightly constrained ages, as expected for fast cooling. Mean sample ages from replicate analyses demonstrate the onset of Cenozoic cooling at ~35 Ma after an extended period of slow cooling and exhibit a well-defined exhumed helium partial retention zone. The data imply intracontinental reactivation began earlier than previous modeling suggested and has been active since the Oligocene. This estimate is well-supported by Miocene to recent age basin sediments which indicates high, eroding topography was present at this time