2,617 research outputs found
Charge-ice dynamics in the negative thermal expansion material Cd(CN)
We use variable-temperature (150--300\,K) single-crystal X-ray diffraction to
re-examine the interplay between structure and dynamics in the ambient phase of
the isotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) material Cd(CN). We find
strong experimental evidence for the existence of low-energy vibrational modes
that involve off-centering of Cd ions. These modes have the effect of
increasing network packing density---suggesting a mechanism for NTE that is
different to the generally-accepted picture of correlated Cd(C/N) rotation
modes. Strong local correlations in the displacement directions of neighbouring
cadmium centres are evident in the existence of highly-structured diffuse
scattering in the experimental X-ray diffraction patterns. Monte Carlo
simulations suggest these patterns might be interpreted in terms of a basic set
of `ice-rules' that establish a mapping between the dynamics of Cd(CN) and
proton ordering in cubic ice VII.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR
Probing the 5th Dimension with the QCD String
A salient feature of String/Gauge duality is an extra 5th dimension. Here we
study the effect of confining deformations of AdS5 and compute the spectrum of
a string stretched between infinitely massive quarks and compare it with the
quantum states of the QCD flux as determined by Kuti, Juge and Morningstar in
lattice simulations. In the long flux tube limit the AdS string probes the
metric near the IR cutoff of the 5th dimension with a spectrum approximated by
a Nambu-Goto string in 4-d flat space, whereas at short distance the string
moves to the UV region with a discrete spectrum for pure AdS5. We also review
earlier results on glueballs states and the cross-over between hard and soft
diffractive scattering that support this picture.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, invited talk by Brower and Tan at the Eighth
Workshop on Non-Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamcis, June (2004
Microplastics in the Environment
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019. Microplastics are small pieces of plastic debris less than 5 mm in diameter. They have accumulated in the environment as a consequence of: the direct release of small particles, such as those used in cosmetics; or as a consequence of wear, for example fibres released from textiles. The main source of microplastic is considered to be the fragmentation of larger items of plastics in the environment. Microplastics are widely distributed in freshwater and marine environments including remote locations such as the arctic and deep sea. A wide range of organisms are known to ingest microplastics and laboratory studies indicate the potential for harmful effects. Plastic debris can also transport co-contaminants including chemical additives and pollutants sorbed from sea water. These chemicals can be released to organisms upon ingestion, but there is little evidence that plastics provide an important pathway leading to toxicological effects in environmentally relevant scenarios. Removing microplastics from the environment is impractical and the most effective solutions are to minimise the release of plastics to the environment as litter. In this regard much could be achieved by actions to reduce the accumulation of larger items of litter such as packaging, which will eventually fragment into microplastics
33.8 GHz CCS Survey of Molecular Cores in Dark Clouds
We have conducted a survey of the CCS line toward 11 dark
clouds and star-forming regions at 30 arcsec spatial resolution and 0.054 km/s
velocity resolution. CCS was only detected in quiescent clouds, not in active
star-forming regions. The CCS distribution shows remarkable clumpy structure,
and 25 clumps are identified in 7 clouds. Seven clumps with extremely narrow
nonthermal linewidths < 0.1 km/s are among the most quiescent clumps ever
found. The CCS clumps tend to exist around the higher density regions traced by
NH_3 emission or submillimeter continuum sources, and the distribution is not
spherically symmetric. Variation of the CCS abundance was suggested as an
indicator of the evolutionary status of star formation. However, we can only
find a weak correlation between N(CCS) and . The velocity
distributions of CCS clouds reveal that a systematic velocity pattern generally
exists. The most striking feature in our data is a ring structure in the
position-velocity diagram of L1544 with an well-resolved inner hole of 0.04 pc
x 0.13 km/s and an outer boundary of 0.16 pc x 0.55 km/s. This
position-velocity structure clearly indicates an edge-on disk or ring geometry,
and it can be interpreted as a collapsing disk with an infall velocity
0.1 km/s and a rotational velocity less than our velocity resolution.
Nonthermal linewidth distribution is generally coherent in CCS clouds, which
could be evidence for the termination of Larson's Law at small scales,
0.1 pc.Comment: 21 pages, 25 ostscript figures, accepted for publication in the
Supplement Series of the Astrophysical Journal (May 2000
Mass and p-factor of the type II Cepheid OGLE-LMC-T2CEP-098 in a binary system
We present the results of a study of the type II Cepheid () in the eclipsing binary system OGLE-LMC-T2CEP-098 ().
The Cepheid belongs to the peculiar W Vir group, for which the evolutionary
status is virtually unknown. It is the first single-lined system with a
pulsating component analyzed using the method developed by Pilecki et al.
(2013). We show that the presence of a pulsator makes it possible to derive
accurate physical parameters of the stars even if radial velocities can be
measured for only one of the components. We have used four different methods to
limit and estimate the physical parameters, eventually obtaining precise
results by combining pulsation theory with the spectroscopic and photometric
solutions. The Cepheid radius, mass and temperature are ,
and , respectively, while its companion
has similar size (), but is more massive () and
hotter (). Our best estimate for the p-factor of the Cepheid is . The mass, position on the period-luminosity diagram, and pulsation
amplitude indicate that the pulsating component is very similar to the
Anomalous Cepheids, although it has a much longer period and is redder in
color. The very unusual combination of the components suggest that the system
has passed through a mass transfer phase in its evolution. More complicated
internal structure would then explain its peculiarity.Comment: 23 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
NICMOS Imaging of the HR 4796A Circumstellar Disk
We report the first near infrared (NIR) imaging of a circumstellar annular
disk around the young (~8 Myr), Vega-like star, HR 4796A. NICMOS coronagraph
observations at 1.1 and 1.6 microns reveal a ring-like symmetrical structure
peaking in reflected intensity 1.05 arcsec +/- 0.02 arcsec (~ 70 AU) from the
central A0V star. The ring geometry, with an inclination of 73.1 deg +/- 1.2
deg and a major axis PA of 26.8 deg +/- 0.6 deg, is in good agreement with
recent 12.5 and 20.8 micron observations of a truncated disk (Koerner, et al.
1998). The ring is resolved with a characteristic width of less than 0.26
arcsec (17 AU) and appears abruptly truncated at both the inner and outer
edges. The region of the disk-plane inward of ~60 AU appears to be relatively
free of scattering material. The integrated flux density of the part of the
disk that is visible (greater than 0.65 arcsec from the star) is found to be
7.5 +/- 0.5 mJy and 7.4 +/- 1.2 mJy at 1.1 and 1.6 microns, respectively.
Correcting for the unseen area of the ring yields total flux densities of 12.8
+/- 1.0 mJy and 12.5 +/- 2.0 mJy, respectively (Vega magnitudes = 12.92 /+-
0.08 and 12.35 +/-0.18). The NIR luminosity ratio is evaluated from these
results and ground-based photometry of the star. At these wavelengths
Ldisk(lambda)/L*(lambda) = 1.4 +/- 0.2E-3 and 2.4 +/- 0.5E-3, giving reasonable
agreement between the stellar flux scattered in the NIR and that which is
absorbed in the visible and re-radiated in the thermal infrared. The somewhat
red reflectance of the disk at these wavelengths implies mean particle sizes in
excess of several microns, larger than typical interstellar grains. The
confinement of material to a relatively narrow annular zone implies dynamical
constraints on the disk particles by one or more as yet unseen bodies.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure for associated gif file see:
http://nicmosis.as.arizona.edu:8000/AAS99/FIGURE1_HR4796A_ApJL.gif . Accepted
13 January 1999, Astrophyical Journal Letter
Variations in tephra stratigraphy created by small-scale surface features in sub-polar landscapes
Financial support for this work was provided by NERC Doctoral Training Partnership Ph.D. studentship NE/L002558/1 to Polly I. J. Thompson.We explore the effect small-scale surface features have on influencing the morphology and grain-size distribution (GSD) of tephra layers within the Quaternary stratigraphy of sub-polar landscapes. Icelandic thúfur, small cryogenic earth mounds, are used to assess how and why the morphology and GSD of tephra layers vary over such formations. Through measurement of tephra layer thickness and GSD, Hekla 1947 and Grímsvötn 2011 tephra layers are analysed. Results indicate that such microtopographic features do indeed alter the form of tephra deposits and therefore the tephra layer that is preserved in the stratigraphy. Tephra thickness is significantly greater in hollows than on the thúfur crests. There is greater variation in tephra thickness measurements from thúfur in comparison to control measurements from a surface where thúfur are absent. Thúfur crests contain larger grain sizes than hollows, for both H1947 and G2011 tephras; however this was only statistically significant for the G2011 tephra. Such morphological patterns are thought to arise from an interplay of tephra characteristics, altered topography from the thúfur formations and earth surface processes operating at the sites. This study provides insight into the potential of tephra layer morphology and internal structures as indicators of Quaternary landforms and processes. Additionally, it provides important context for the appropriate sampling of tephra layers to infer volcanological processes, as the characteristics of preserved layers do not necessarily reflect those of the original fall-out.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
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Variability of quasilinear diffusion coefficients for plasmaspheric hiss
In the Outer Radiation Belt, the acceleration and loss of high-energy electrons is largely controlled by wave-particle interactions. Quasilinear diffusion coefficients are an efficient way to capture the small-scale physics of wave-particle interactions due to magnetospheric wave modes such as plasmaspheric hiss. The strength of quasilinear diffusion coefficients as a function of energy and pitch-angle depends on both wave parameters and plasma parameters such as ambient magnetic field strength, plasma number density and composition. For plasmaspheric hiss in the magnetosphere, observations indicate large variations in the wave intensity and wavenormal angle, but less is known about the simultaneous variability of the magnetic field and number density. We use in-situ measurements from the Van Allen Probe mission to demonstrate the variability of selected factors that control the size and shape of pitch-angle diffusion coefficients: wave intensity, magnetic field strength and electron number density. We then compare with the variability of diffusion coefficients calculated individually from co-located and simultaneous groups of measurements. We show that the distribution of the plasmaspheric hiss diffusion coefficients is highly non-Gaussian with large variance, and that the distributions themselves vary strongly across the three phase-space bins studied. In most bins studied, the plasmaspheric hiss diffusion coefficients tend to increase with geomagnetic activity, but our results indicate that new approaches that include natural variability may yield improved parameterizations. We suggest methods like stochastic parameterization of wave-particle interactions could use variability information to improve modelling of the Outer Radiation Belt
Effectiveness of antipsychotics used in first-episode psychosis: a naturalistic cohort study
Background: One year of antipsychotic treatment from symptom remission is recommended following a first episode of psychosis (FEP).
Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of commonly used antipsychotic medications in FEP.
Method: A retrospective cohort study of naturalistic treatment of patients (N=460) accepted by FEP services across seven UK sites. Treatment initiation to all-cause discontinuation determined from case files.
Results: Risk of treatment discontinuation is greatest within 3 months of treatment initiation. Risperidone had longest median survival time. No significant differences were observed in time to discontinuation between commonly used antipsychotics on multivariable Cox regression analysis. Poor adherence and efficacy failure were the most common reasons for discontinuation.
Conclusions: Effectiveness differences appear not to be a current reason for antipsychotic choice in FEP. Adherence strategies and weighing up likely adverse effects should be the clinical focus
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