An Analysis of the Principles of Equity Pleading : Containing a Compendium of the High Court of Chancery, and the Foundation of Its Rules : Together with an Illustration of the Analogy Between Pleadings at Common Law and in Equity

Since the publication in 1823 by Mr. D. G. Lube of his Principles of Equity Pleading that work has been recognized by the profession as a standard treatise upon that subject. The two generations of lawyers and judges who have come and gone since Lube wrote have contributed little to the a~t and science of equity pleading, so that to-day Lube\u27s work is the best in existence. In this edition of the second part of his work the Editor has added little to the text of importance and has omitted substantially nothing. The only object he had in view in preparing this edition was to obtain a text suitable for the use of the student.https://repository.law.umich.edu/books/1014/thumbnail.jp

340 years of atmospheric circulation characteristics reconstructed from an eastern Antarctic Peninsula ice core

Copyright @ 2006 American Geophysical Union (AGU)Precipitation delivery mechanisms for Dolleman Island (DI), located off the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, are investigated using reanalysis and back trajectory data. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and ENSO are both shown to influence precipitation delivery and event size. Precipitation delivery variability is compared against the interannual variation of chemical data from two DI ice cores. Nitrate concentration in the cores is strongly linked with the ratio of easterly to westerly back trajectories arriving at DI, as described by a Cross-Peninsula Index (CPI) defined in this paper. This CPI is used subsequently to reconstruct the atmospheric circulation characteristics for the 340-year ice core record. The analysis highlights a period of increased easterlies during 1720–1780 and an increase in westerlies for 1950–1980, the latter concomitant with a positive SAM trend and western Peninsula warming. The reconstruction also reveals periods when polynyas may have been present in the Weddell Sea

A Quantile Regression Approach to Measuring the Educational Effect on Body Mass Index

Background: By use of a publically available database, the effects of education and geography on obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) were evaluated with a quantile regression approach. The focus of the analysis was on the practical interpretation of the regression results to inform health policy decision makers about the importance of educational attainment for the growing public health issue of obesity in the US, particularly in the Southeast. Methods: With data from the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), quantile regressions were employed to estimate the educational effect on BMI while controlling for relevant lifestyle, socioeconomic, geographic, and demographic factors. Results: The findings indicate that education is important, for college graduates have lower BMIs, regardless of their relative weight distribution. Persons with college educations and annual incomes of more than $50,000 had lower BMIs than those without college education and lower income. Also, after controlling for relevant lifestyle, socioeconomic, and demographic factors such as physical activity, education, and income, regional variations are evident. There are higher BMI levels in the South as compared to other regions in the US. Conclusions: For obesity, there are underlying causes and contributing factors, such as educational attainment and the related factor, income, that are not always considered as high priorities for addressing obesity issues. The focus has typically been on lifestyle choices, such as eating habits and physical activity. The present findings promote efforts for ensuring college education for young people to address various public health issues, including obesity. Further, econometric analysis of secondary databases could lead to a better understanding for policy makers in regard to allocation of resources to address educational attainment, recognizing its effect on public health issues such as obesity

Global shortage of neonatal and paediatric antibiotic trials: rapid review.

OBJECTIVES: There have been few clinical trials (CTs) on antibiotics that inform neonatal and paediatric drug labelling. The rate of unlicensed and off-label prescribing in paediatrics remains high. It is unclear whether the current neonatal and paediatric antibiotic research pipeline is adequate to inform optimal drug dosing. Using the ClinicalTrials.gov registry, this review aims to establish the current global status of antibiotic CTs in children up to 18 years of age. METHODS: Studies were identified using key word searches of the ClinicalTrials.gov registry and were manually filtered using prespecified inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS: 76 registered open CTs of antibiotics in children were identified globally; 23 (30%) were recruiting newborns (only 8 (11%) included preterm neonates), 52 (68%) infants and toddlers, 58 (76%) children and 54 (71%) adolescents. The majority of registered trials were late phase (10 (15%) phase 3 and 23 (35%) phase 4/pharmacovigilance). Two-thirds were sponsored by non-profit organisations, compared with pharmaceutical companies (50 (66%) vs 26 (34%), respectively). A greater proportion of non-profit funded trials were efficacy-based strategic trials (n=34, 68%), in comparison with industry-led trials, which were most often focused on safety or pharmacokinetic data (n=17, 65%). Only 2 of the 37 antibiotics listed on the May 2016 Pew Charitable Trusts antibiotic development pipeline, currently being studied in adults, appear to be currently recruiting in open paediatric CTs. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights that very few paediatric antibiotic CTs are being conducted globally, especially in neonates. There is a striking disparity noted between antibiotic drug development programmes in adults and children

Macrocerebellum: Neuroimaging and Clinical Features of a Newly Recognized Condition

Other than hamartomatous enlargement of the cerebellum as in Lhermitte-Duclos syndrome, diffuse enlargement of the cerebellum is not clearly described. We report four patients (ages 9 months to 2 years) with diffusely enlarged cerebelli as identified by measurement of the cerebellum and comparison to age appropriate normal values. The cerebellar measurements were determined in absolute numbers and expressed as ratios of cerebellum to whole brain and supratentorial brain. The clinical features of these four children (3 boys, 1 girl) consistently include global developmental delay, tone abnormalities, preserved reflexes, delayed or abnormal maturation of the visual system (oculomotor apraxia), and deficient or delayed myelination of cerebral white matter. The etiology of the macrocerebellum is unknown but we propose that the cerebellum is responding to the elaboration of growth factors intended to augment the slow development of cerebral structures. Regardless of the etiology, the finding of a macrocerebellum appears to allow the clinician to predict the clinical features of the patient and probably represents a marker for disturbed cerebral development. (J Child Neurol 1997;12:365-368).Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Application of a Small Unmanned Aerial System to Measure Ammonia Emissions from a Pilot Amine-CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Capture System

The quantification of atmospheric gases with small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) is expanding the ability to safely perform environmental monitoring tasks and quickly evaluate the impact of technologies. In this work, a calibrated sUAS is used to quantify the emissions of ammonia (NH3) gas from the exit stack a 0.1 MWth pilot-scale carbon capture system (CCS) employing a 5 M monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent to scrub CO2 from coal combustion flue gas. A comparison of the results using the sUAS against the ion chromatography technique with the EPA CTM-027 method for the standard emission sampling of NH3 shows good agreement. Therefore, the work demonstrates the usefulness of sUAS as an alternative method of emission measurement, supporting its application in lieu of traditional sampling techniques to collect real time emission data

Effect of environmental and feedback interventions on pacing profiles in cycling: a meta-analysis

Insearchoftheiroptimalperformanceathleteswillaltertheirpacingstrategyaccordingtointrinsicandextrinsicphysiological,psychologicalandenvironmentalfactors.However,theeffectofsomeofthesevariablesonpacingandexerciseperformanceremainssomewhatunclear.Therefore,theaimofthismeta-analysiswastoprovideanoverviewastohowmanipulationofdifferentextrinsicfactorsaffectspacingstrategyandexerciseperformance.Onlyself-pacedexercisestudiesthatprovidedcontrolandinterventiongroup(s),reportedtrialvarianceforpoweroutput,disclosedthetypeoffeedbackreceivedorwithheld,andwheretime-trialpoweroutputdatacouldbesegmentedintostart,middleandendsections;wereincludedinthemeta-analysis.Studieswithsimilarthemesweregroupedtogethertodeterminethemeandifference(MD)with95%confidenceintervals(CIs)betweencontrolandinterventiontrialsfor:hypoxia,hyperoxia,heat-stress,pre-cooling,andvariousformsoffeedback.Atotalof26studieswithcyclingastheexercisemodalitywereincludedinthemeta-analysis.Ofthese,fourstudiesmanipulatedoxygenavailability,elevenmanipulatedheat-stress,fourimplementedpre-coolinginterventionsandsevenstudiesmanipulatedvariousformsoffeedback.Meanpoweroutput(MPO)wassignificantlyreducedinthemiddleandendsections(p 0.05).NegativefeedbackimprovedoveralltrialMPOandMPOinthemiddlesectionoftrials(p 0.05).Theavailabledatasuggestsexerciseregulationinhypoxiaandheat-stressisdelayedinthestartsectionoftrials,beforesignificantreductionsinMPOoccurinthemiddleandendofthetrial.Additionally,negativefeedbackinvolvingperformancedeceptionmayaffordanupwardshiftinMPOinthemiddlesectionofthetrialimprovingoverallperformance.Finally,performanceimprovementscanberetainedwhenparticipantsareinformedofthedeception

Understanding drivers of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) racial disparities: A population-level analysis of COVID-19 testing among black and white populations

BACKGROUND: Disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing-the pandemic\u27s most critical but limited resource-may be an important but modifiable driver of COVID-19 inequities. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Missouri State Department of Health and Senior Services on all COVID-19 tests conducted in the St Louis and Kansas City regions. We adapted a well-established tool for measuring inequity-the Lorenz curve-to compare COVID-19 testing rates per diagnosed case among Black and White populations. RESULTS: Between 14/3/2020 and 15/9/2020, 606 725 and 328 204 COVID-19 tests were conducted in the St Louis and Kansas City regions, respectively. Over time, Black individuals consistently had approximately half the rate of testing per case than White individuals. In the early period (14/3/2020 to 15/6/2020), zip codes in the lowest quartile of testing rates accounted for only 12.1% and 8.8% of all tests in the St Louis and Kansas City regions, respectively, even though they accounted for 25% of all cases in each region. These zip codes had higher proportions of residents who were Black, without insurance, and with lower median incomes. These disparities were reduced but still persisted during later phases of the pandemic (16/6/2020 to 15/9/2020). Last, even within the same zip code, Black residents had lower rates of tests per case than White residents. CONCLUSIONS: Black populations had consistently lower COVID-19 testing rates per diagnosed case than White populations in 2 Missouri regions. Public health strategies should proactively focus on addressing equity gaps in COVID-19 testing to improve equity of the overall response

State of the California current 2012-13: No such thing as an “average” year

This report reviews the state of the California Current System (CCS) between winter 2012 and spring 2013, and includes observations from Washington State to Baja California. During 2012, large-scale climate modes indicated the CCS remained in a cool, productive phase present since 2007. The upwelling season was delayed north of 42°N, but regions to the south, especially 33° to 36°N, experienced average to above average upwelling that persisted throughout the summer. Contrary to the indication of high production suggested by the climate indices, chlorophyll observed from surveys and remote sensing was below average along much of the coast. As well, some members of the forage assemblages along the coast experienced low abundances in 2012 surveys. Specifically, the concentrations of all lifestages observed directly or from egg densities of Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, and northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, were less than previous years’ survey estimates. However, 2013 surveys and observations indicate an increase in abundance of northern anchovy. During winter 2011/2012, the increased presence of northern copepod species off northern California was consistent with stronger southward transport. Krill and small-fraction zooplankton abundances, where examined, were generally above average. North of 42°N, salps returned to typical abundances in 2012 after greater observed concentrations in 2010 and 2011. In contrast, salp abundance off central and southern California increased after a period of southward transport during winter 2011/2012. Reproductive success of piscivorous Brandt’s cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus, was reduced while planktivorous Cassin’s auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus was elevated. Differences between the productivity of these two seabirds may be related to the available forage assemblage observed in the surveys. California sea lion pups from San Miguel Island were undernourished resulting in a pup mortality event perhaps in response to changes in forage availability. Limited biological data were available for spring 2013, but strong winter upwelling coastwide indicated an early spring transition, with the strong upwelling persisting into early summer

Improved Biomedical and Psychological Outcomes 1 Year After Structured Education in Flexible Insulin Therapy for People With Type 1 Diabetes: The U.K. DAFNE experience

OBJECTIVEdDAFNE (Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating), a structured education program in flexible insulin therapy, has been widely adopted in the U.K. after validation in a randomized trial. To determine benefits in routine practice, we collected biomedical and psychological data from all participants attending during a 12-month period. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSdHbA1c, weight, self-reported hypoglycemia awareness, severe hypoglycemia frequency, PAID (Problem Areas In Diabetes), HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire scores were recorded prior to DAFNE and after 1 year. RESULTSdComplete baseline and follow-up HbA1c data were available for 639 (54.9%) of 1,163 attendees. HbA1c fell from 8.51 6 1.41 (mean 6 SD) to 8.24 6 1.29% (difference 0.27 [95% CI 0.16–0.38]; P , 0.001), with a greater mean fall of 0.44% from baseline HbA1c .8.5%. Severe hypoglycemia rate fell from 1.7 6 8.5 to 0.6 6 3.7 episodes per person per year (1.1 [0.7– 1.4]) and hypoglycemia recognition improved in 43% of those reporting unawareness. Baseline psychological distress was evident, with a PAID score of 25.2 and HADS scores of 5.3 (anxiety) and 4.8 (depression), falling to 16.7 (8.5 [6.6–10.4]), 4.6 (0.7 [0.4–1.0]), and 4.2 (0.6 [0.3–0.8]), respectively (all P , 0.001 at 1 year). Clinically relevant anxiety and depression (HADS $8) fell from 24.4 to 18.0% and 20.9 to 15.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONSdA structured education program delivered in routine clinical practice not only improves HbA1c while reducing severe hypoglycemia rate and restoring hypoglycemia awareness but also reduces psychological distress and improves perceived well-being