25 research outputs found

    Molybdenum isotopic compositions of Precambrian carbonates : refinement of the proxy and paleoenvironmental applications

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    Les conditions redox des ocĂ©ans ont considĂ©rablement Ă©voluĂ© au cours du PrĂ©cambrien. Ceci est principalement dĂ» Ă  l’arrivĂ©e de l’oxygĂšne engendrant dans un premier temps des oasis d’oxygĂšne puis un Grand ÉvĂšnement d’Oxydation (GEO) vers 2.45 Ga. NĂ©anmoins, les connaissances concernant la datation des premiers signes d’oxygĂ©nation et les mĂ©canismes de leur enregistrement sĂ©dimentaire, propres Ă  cette pĂ©riode, restent encore Ă  approfondir. Depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, la composition isotopique en molybdĂšne (ÎŽ98Mo) dans les sĂ©diments est utilisĂ©e comme indicateur des conditions redox locales et globales des ocĂ©ans. Une Ă©tude Ă©lĂ©mentaire et isotopique en Mo des diffĂ©rentes phases constituant les carbonates a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e suite Ă  des attaques sĂ©quentielles sur des carbonates d’ñge et d’environnement de dĂ©pĂŽts diffĂ©rents. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le Mo se loge dans la phase organique mais Ă©galement au sein des carbonates authigĂšnes. Ces derniers influencent la valeur isotopique Ă©tudiĂ©e lors des attaques pseudo totales par 6N HCl et utilisĂ©e dans toutes les Ă©tudes du proxy redox des carbonates. Une Ă©tude minĂ©ralogique et isotopique du Mo des argiles et des carbonates riches en Mn (II) des Formations Boolgeeda et Kazput (craton de Pilbara, Australie) s’intĂ©resse Ă  la capacitĂ© du ÎŽ98Mo d’enregistrer les conditions redox locales afin de comprendre les mĂ©canismes d’enrichissement sĂ©dimentaire en manganĂšse sur la pĂ©riode du GEO. CouplĂ©es Ă  d’autre proxy redox et comparĂ©es Ă  un analogue moderne (le bassin rĂ©duit de Landsort, mer Baltique), les donnĂ©es argumentent pour une rĂ©duction des oxydes de Mn(IV) au sein de la colonne d’eau et Ă  l’interface des sĂ©diments. Ces observations invitent Ă  la discussion concernant les enrichissements en Mn du PrĂ©cambrien dont le processus de rĂ©duction des oxydes est automatiquement considĂ©rĂ© comme intrasĂ©dimentaire. Finalement, une Ă©tude compare des valeurs maximales en ÎŽ98Mo de carbonate analysĂ©es et compilĂ©es aux valeurs isotopiques des black shales et des formations de fer compilĂ©es au cours des temps gĂ©ologiques en exploitant la composante globale de ce proxy redox. Les donnĂ©es suggĂšrent l’absence de condition euxinique permettant l’enregistrement des valeurs de l’eau de mer par les black shales. L’étude permet Ă©galement d’observer la prĂ©sence d’un cycle oxydatif du molybdĂšne dĂšs le MĂ©so-ArchĂ©en.The redox conditions of the oceans evolved considerably during the Precambrian. This is mainly due to the arrival of the oxygen, at first generating oxygen oases, and then accumulating in the atmosphere during the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ca. 2.45 Ga. However, the earliest traces of free oxygen during these periods, and the mechanisms of their sedimentary expression, remain poorly understood. For over a decade, the isotopic composition of molybdenum (ÎŽ98Mo) in sediments has been used as a global marine redox proxy.An elemental and isotopic study of the different phases constituting carbonate rocks was carried out using sequential digestions performed on carbonates of different ages and depositional environments. The results show that Mo is primarily hosted in the organic phase but also within authigenic carbonate phases. These latter influence the isotopic value obtained during the classic pseudo-total digestion by 6N HCl that is most frequently employed for Mo isotope proxy studies in carbonates.Mineralogical and Mo isotopic studies on Mn(II)–rich shales and carbonates in the Boolgeeda and KazputFormations (Pilbara craton, Australia) leveraged the ability of ÎŽ98Mo to record local redox conditions in order to understand mechanisms responsible for sedimentary Mn enrichments occurring around the GOE. Coupled with other redox proxies and compared to modern analogues (e.g., the Landsort basin, Baltic Sea), the data argues for a reduction of Mn(IV) oxides within the water column and at the sediment-water interface. These observations bring new perspective on Precambrian Mn enrichments, which have been traditionally considered as the result of Mn oxide reduction occurring at depth in the sedimentary pile.Finally, a study of the maximum values of ÎŽ98Mo of analyzed and compiled carbonates compared to compiled isotopic values of black shales and iron formations deposited through geological time make use of the global component of this redox proxy. Data suggest an absence of euxinic conditions required for the recording of seawater values by black shales. This study also highlight the presence of an oxidative cycle of molybdenum since at least the Mesoarchean

    Composition des isotopes stables du molybdÚne dans les carbonates du Précambrien : affinement du proxy et applications paléo-environnementales

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    The redox conditions of the oceans evolved considerably during the Precambrian. This is mainly due to the arrival of the oxygen, at first generating oxygen oases, and then accumulating in the atmosphere during the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ca. 2.45 Ga. However, the earliest traces of free oxygen during these periods, and the mechanisms of their sedimentary expression, remain poorly understood. For over a decade, the isotopic composition of molybdenum (ÎŽ98Mo) in sediments has been used as a global marine redox proxy.An elemental and isotopic study of the different phases constituting carbonate rocks was carried out using sequential digestions performed on carbonates of different ages and depositional environments. The results show that Mo is primarily hosted in the organic phase but also within authigenic carbonate phases. These latter influence the isotopic value obtained during the classic pseudo-total digestion by 6N HCl that is most frequently employed for Mo isotope proxy studies in carbonates.Mineralogical and Mo isotopic studies on Mn(II)–rich shales and carbonates in the Boolgeeda and KazputFormations (Pilbara craton, Australia) leveraged the ability of ÎŽ98Mo to record local redox conditions in order to understand mechanisms responsible for sedimentary Mn enrichments occurring around the GOE. Coupled with other redox proxies and compared to modern analogues (e.g., the Landsort basin, Baltic Sea), the data argues for a reduction of Mn(IV) oxides within the water column and at the sediment-water interface. These observations bring new perspective on Precambrian Mn enrichments, which have been traditionally considered as the result of Mn oxide reduction occurring at depth in the sedimentary pile.Finally, a study of the maximum values of ÎŽ98Mo of analyzed and compiled carbonates compared to compiled isotopic values of black shales and iron formations deposited through geological time make use of the global component of this redox proxy. Data suggest an absence of euxinic conditions required for the recording of seawater values by black shales. This study also highlight the presence of an oxidative cycle of molybdenum since at least the Mesoarchean.Les conditions redox des ocĂ©ans ont considĂ©rablement Ă©voluĂ© au cours du PrĂ©cambrien. Ceci est principalement dĂ» Ă  l’arrivĂ©e de l’oxygĂšne engendrant dans un premier temps des oasis d’oxygĂšne puis un Grand ÉvĂšnement d’Oxydation (GEO) vers 2.45 Ga. NĂ©anmoins, les connaissances concernant la datation des premiers signes d’oxygĂ©nation et les mĂ©canismes de leur enregistrement sĂ©dimentaire, propres Ă  cette pĂ©riode, restent encore Ă  approfondir. Depuis plusieurs annĂ©es, la composition isotopique en molybdĂšne (ÎŽ98Mo) dans les sĂ©diments est utilisĂ©e comme indicateur des conditions redox locales et globales des ocĂ©ans. Une Ă©tude Ă©lĂ©mentaire et isotopique en Mo des diffĂ©rentes phases constituant les carbonates a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e suite Ă  des attaques sĂ©quentielles sur des carbonates d’ñge et d’environnement de dĂ©pĂŽts diffĂ©rents. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le Mo se loge dans la phase organique mais Ă©galement au sein des carbonates authigĂšnes. Ces derniers influencent la valeur isotopique Ă©tudiĂ©e lors des attaques pseudo totales par 6N HCl et utilisĂ©e dans toutes les Ă©tudes du proxy redox des carbonates. Une Ă©tude minĂ©ralogique et isotopique du Mo des argiles et des carbonates riches en Mn (II) des Formations Boolgeeda et Kazput (craton de Pilbara, Australie) s’intĂ©resse Ă  la capacitĂ© du ÎŽ98Mo d’enregistrer les conditions redox locales afin de comprendre les mĂ©canismes d’enrichissement sĂ©dimentaire en manganĂšse sur la pĂ©riode du GEO. CouplĂ©es Ă  d’autre proxy redox et comparĂ©es Ă  un analogue moderne (le bassin rĂ©duit de Landsort, mer Baltique), les donnĂ©es argumentent pour une rĂ©duction des oxydes de Mn(IV) au sein de la colonne d’eau et Ă  l’interface des sĂ©diments. Ces observations invitent Ă  la discussion concernant les enrichissements en Mn du PrĂ©cambrien dont le processus de rĂ©duction des oxydes est automatiquement considĂ©rĂ© comme intrasĂ©dimentaire. Finalement, une Ă©tude compare des valeurs maximales en ÎŽ98Mo de carbonate analysĂ©es et compilĂ©es aux valeurs isotopiques des black shales et des formations de fer compilĂ©es au cours des temps gĂ©ologiques en exploitant la composante globale de ce proxy redox. Les donnĂ©es suggĂšrent l’absence de condition euxinique permettant l’enregistrement des valeurs de l’eau de mer par les black shales. L’étude permet Ă©galement d’observer la prĂ©sence d’un cycle oxydatif du molybdĂšne dĂšs le MĂ©so-ArchĂ©en

    La composition isotopique du molybdĂšne des stromatolites modernes et anciens

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    The primitive Earth was characterized by an oxygen-poor ocean–atmosphere system, and experienced a significant increase in oxygen concentrations during the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ca 2.45 Ga. This event is generally believed to be linked in some way to oxygenic photosynthesis by bacteria. However, it is becoming commonly accepted that “whiffs” of oxygen existed before the GOE. To shed new light on this emerging paradigm, here we present molybdenum (Mo) isotopic data for modern stromatolites from Bacalar lagoon, Mexico, and ancient stromatolites from Archean sediments deposited ca. 2.52 Ga (Ghaap Group, South Africa), 2.8 Ga (Steep Rock, Canada), and 2.96 Ga (Red Lake, Canada). Modern samples record a molybdenum isotopic signature that appears related to the water from which they grew, supporting the idea that the molybdenum isotopic composition of carbonates is a robust proxy for examining paleo-redox conditions of environments where carbonates were precipitated. Ancient stromatolites reveal evidence for oxygen in the environment at 2.96 Ga at 2.8 Ga, while stromatolites from the Ghaap Group (2.52 Ga) appear to have grown under poorly-oxygenated conditions. My data suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis existed yet at least 0.61 Ga before the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Moreover, the consistent signal for oxygen in the environment at this time could be indicative of a constant period of mild oxygenation, rather than local oases as previously proposed.La Terre Primitive se distingue par l’absence d’oxygĂšne dans l’atmosphĂšre et les ocĂ©ans. La croissance de la concentration en oxygĂšne de l’atmosphĂšre fut dĂ©terminĂ©e par le Grand ÉvĂšnement d’Oxydation (GEO) aux alentours de 2.45 Ga et aurait Ă©tĂ© influencĂ©e par l’augmentation de l’utilisation de la photosynthĂšse oxygĂ©nique par les formes de vies primitives que sont les bactĂ©ries. De plus, il est reconnu que des pulses d’oxygĂšne ont existĂ© avant le GOE. Nous prĂ©sentons ici des donnĂ©es d’isotopie du molybdĂšne de stromatolites modernes provenant du lagon du Bacalar au Mexique et de stromatolites anciens issus de formations archĂ©ennes Ă  2.52 Ga (Groupe Ghaap, Afrique du Sud), Ă  2.8 Ga (Steep Rock, Canada) et Ă  2.96 Ga (Red Lake, Canada). Les Ă©chantillons modernes montrent une signature isotopique du molybdĂšne de l’eau dans laquelle ils ont Ă©tĂ© formĂ©s. Cela justifie l’utilisation de la composition isotopique en molybdĂšne des carbonates pour connaĂźtre les conditions redox de l’environnement marin dans lequel ils ont prĂ©cipitĂ©. Les stromatolites anciens indiquent la prĂ©sence d’environnements oxygĂ©nĂ©s dĂšs 2.96 Ga et Ă  2.8 Ga tandis que les Ă©chantillons du Groupe Ghaap (2.52 Ga) se sont formĂ©s en condition anoxique. Nous pensons que la photosynthĂšse oxygĂ©nique existait dĂ©jĂ  il y a plus de 0.61 Ga avant le GOE et que ces environnements oxygĂ©nĂ©s pourraient correspondre Ă  de longue pĂ©riode oxygĂ©nĂ©es plutĂŽt qu’aux oasis locaux suggĂ©rĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment

    IntĂ©rĂȘt et limites de la mise en place de structures autonomes de recherche clinique au sein d'Ă©tablissements de santĂ© privĂ©s

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    Depuis plusieurs décennies, les avancées thérapeutiques dans le domaine du médicament ont largement amélioré l'espérance de vie et le niveau de santé. Ceci est en partie le résultat de la recherche émanant de l'industrie pharmaceutique. Cette recherche constitue pour les entreprises du médicament le moteur indispensable à leur croissance, et la qualité de leurs innovations est la condition de leur compétitivité au niveau international. Aujourd hui, face à un constat de recul de la recherche clinique en France (essentiellement dû à des difficultés d'ordre organisationnel), et d'une volonté affichée de la part de tous les acteurs de conserver et développer l'attractivité de notre pays dans ce domaine, plusieurs axes d'amélioration ont été proposés et mis en place. Pour illustrer cette situation, ce manuscrit s'appuie sur l'expérience d'une jeune société prestataire pour l'industrie pharmaceutique dont l'objectif était de développer un réseau d'unités de recherche clinique au sein d'établissements de santé privés afin d'apporter aux médecins qui le souhaitaient un support organisationnel et logistique nécessaire à la bonne conduite des essais thérapeutiques auxquels ils participaient. Ainsi, la mise en place de ces structures a permis sur plusieurs sites d'améliorer les performances de recrutement de patients, la qualité et les délais d'un grand nombre d'investigations cliniques. Malheureusement, le business plan n'ayant pas été construit de façon suffisamment réaliste, la société a dû mettre un terme à son activité. Les conclusions de cette expérience enrichissante permettent aujourd hui de dresser un certain nombre d'hypothÚses de travail qui pourraient contribuer à l'amélioration du modÚle et faire progresser cette idée d'une recherche clinique encore plus active et reconnue.NANTES-BU Médecine pharmacie (441092101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Global importance of oxic molybdenum sinks prior to 2.6 Ga revealed by the Mo isotope composition of Precambrian carbonates

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    Sedimentary molybdenum (Mo) isotope compositions are a promising paleoredox indicator because the Mo isotope composition of seawater reflects the balance between anoxic and oxic sinks. Most available data are from shales; however, the Mo isotope composition of carbonates also reflects the composition of ancient seawater. Here, we provide an expanded data set of carbonate Mo isotope compositions, including the first data for carbonates older than 2.64 Ga, which we evaluate against a compilation of published data for carbonates, shales, and iron formations spanning geological time. Archean carbonate samples reveal maximum delta Mo-98 values that are generally above 1 parts per thousand. These heavy values indicate that Mn(IV)-oxide or Fe(III)-oxide sinks were sufficiently important to influence the Mo isotope composition of seawater as far back as 2.93 Ga. Comparison of Mo isotope and rare earth element data, as well as residence time considerations, indicates that this metal-oxide influence was likely global. Available Mo isotope data for shales over the same time period generally show crustal values, which we attribute to negligible authigenic enrichment of Mo from seawater due to low ambient concentrations and a paucity of euxinic conditions. Our work demonstrates that the carbonate record provides important new insights into marine paleoredox conditions, especially when shale records are absent or unsuitable, and reinforces the emerging paradigm that oxic Mo sinks were important in the marine realm prior to 2.7 Ga

    Chronic maternal exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles alters breathing in newborn offspring

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    Background: Over the last two decades, nanotechnologies and the use of nanoparticles represent one of the greatest technological advances in many fields of human activity. Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) are one of the nanomaterials most frequently found in everyday consumer products. But, due in particular to their extremely small size, TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) are prone to cross biological barriers and potentially lead to adverse health effects. The presence of TiO 2 NPs found in human placentae and in the infant meconium has indicated unequivocally the capacity for a materno-fetal transfer of this nanomaterial. Although chronic exposure to TiO 2 NPs during pregnancy is known to induce offspring cognitive deficits associated with neurotoxicity, the impact of a gestational exposure on a vital motor function such as respiration, whose functional emergence occurs during fetal development, remains unknown.Results: Using in vivo whole-body plethysmographic recordings from neonatal mice, we show that a chronic exposure to TiO 2 NPs during pregnancy alters the respiratory activity of offspring, characterized by an abnormally elevated rate of breathing. Correspondingly, using ex vivo electrophysiological recordings performed on isolated brainstemspinal cord preparations of newborn mice and medullary slice preparations containing specific nuclei controlling breathing frequency, we show that the spontaneously generated respiratory-related rhythm is significantly and abnormally accelerated in animals prenatally exposed to TiO 2 NPs. Moreover, such a chronic prenatal exposure was found to impair the capacity of respiratory neural circuitry to effectively adjust breathing rates in response to excitatory environmental stimuli such as an increase in ambient temperature.Conclusions: Our findings thus demonstrate that a maternal exposure to TiO 2 NPs during pregnancy affects the normal development and operation of the respiratory centers in progeny
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