Anticoincidence (left) and Null-anticoincidence (right) of wind power density, at 50 m.

<p>Units indicate the number of grid points in a ∼1000×1000 km box surrounding the gridpoint in question which are anticoincident to the central gridpoint, which is when the hourly time series of WPD is greater than 200 W m-2 at one of the two points, but not both, for 50% of the total length of the time series.</p

Local communities demand for food tree species and the potentialities of their landscapes in two ecological zones of Burkina Faso.

We examined demand and supply of Food Tree Species (FTS) products in Burkina Faso. The hypotheses were: 1) demand for FTS products by local communities exceeds what can be sustainably extracted, and 2) local communities of the Sudanian zone have access to more diverse FTS products compared to Sahelian zone. Surveys were conducted in 300 households and 360 quadrats in landscapes surrounding 6 villages to determine the diversity, richness and availability of FTS.The results indicate that local communities tend to exploit FTS which are rare to find or absent in the landscape surrounding their village. While the range of FTS largely exploited tends to coincide across the two ecological zones, the diversity and density of the preferred FTS are discordant between the two zones. The results of the present study further support the need for conservation and restoration strategies to sustain the local communities demand for FTS products.201

Caustic oesophageal stricture treated by instrumental dilatation: A review of 6 years of practice at the pediatric university hospital charles de gaulle of Ouagadougou

Background: Oesophageal stricture is one of the most important and redoubtable complications following caustic ingestions in children. Instrumental dilatation is usually considered the first line of treatment. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of caustic stenosis treatment when using Lerut dilatators. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive retrospective study from May 2014 to April 2020. All children under 15 years hospitalised in our department for caustic oesophageal stricture and had a gastrostomy and oesophageal dilatation with insertion of an endless wire were included. Results: A total of 83 patients were included. The sex ratio was 2.2. The mean age was 4 years. The mean time from caustic ingestion to presentation was 90 days. Oesophageal stricture was mostly caused by caustic soda (n = 41) and potash (n = 15). We performed in total 469 dilatations and had only three oesophageal perforations. After a mean follow-up of 17 months, we had 60.2% good results (n = 50) and 7.2% (n = 6) failures. The mortality rate was 13.2% (n = 11). Conclusion: The results of the dilations by Lerut dilatators give encouraging results in our department. It is easy to perform and its complications remain rare. Mortality could be reduced by adequate nutritional support

Nutritional composition of five food trees species products used in human diet during food shortage period in Burkina Faso.

201

Prise en charge post exposition des victimes d’agression par un animal à Ouagadougou

Le nombre de victimes d’agression par un animal ne cessent de croître au Burkina Faso. Chaque année plus de 5 000 cas  d’agressions par un animal sont notifiés dans le pays par les centres nationaux de traitement anti rabiques (CNTAR) du pays. L’étude se propose de décrire la prise en charge post agression des victimes d’agression par un animal de la commune de  Ouagadougou. Il s’est agi d’une étude rétrospective descriptive des victimes d’agression par animal, reçues au CNTAR de Ouagadougou, entre le 1er janvier et le 31 décembre 2009. Les données ont été collectées à partir du registre de consultation des victimes. Les données ont été analysées avec Epi-info 2000 version 3.5.3. La plupart des victimes d’agression provenaient de la commune de Ouagadougou (98,5 %) et l’âge médian était de 15 ans à prédominance masculine. L’animal agresseur était un chien domestique non immunisé contre la rage. Les victimes dans 25,48 % ont bénéficié d’une prophylaxie vaccinale anti rabique ; 30,70 % étaient agressées par un chien errant ou enragé avec une prophylaxie antirabique incomplète dans 22,54 % des cas. La rage a une issue toujours fatale ; le seul traitement reste la prévention primaire et surtout secondaire qui doivent être  renforcées.Mots-cles : Morsure, chien, rage, prévention, Ouagadougou.The number of victims of aggression by an animal are growing in Burkina. Each year more than 5000 cases of attacks by animals are notified by the anti rabies  treatment centers in the country. The study is to describe the post aggression management of victims of the town of Ouagadougou. It is a retrospective descriptive study of attack victims by animal received at the anti-rabies national processing center in Ouagadougou between 01st January and 31st December 2009. Data were collected from the  victims consultation register. The data analysis were performed with Epi-Info version 2000 3.5.3. Most victims of aggression came from  Ouagadougou city (98.5%). The median age was 15 years predominantly male (60%); 95% of the animal were  domestic dog and unvaccinated against rabies. The most common form of aggression was the bite (99%). After exposure, 25.48 % of the victims have received anti rabies vaccine prophylaxis, of which 30.70 % were attacked by a rabid stray dog, whose rabies prophylaxis was incomplete in 22.54 % of cases. Rabies having always fatal issue, the only treatment is primary   prevention, specially secondary prevention which should be strengthened.Keywords: bite, dog, rabies, prevention, Ouagadougou

The BIOTA Biodiversity Observatories in Africa-a standardized framework for large-scale environmental monitoring

The international, interdisciplinary biodiversity research project BIOTA AFRICA initiated a standardized biodiversity monitoring network along climatic gradients across the African continent. Due to an identified lack of adequate monitoring designs, BIOTA AFRICA developed and implemented the standardized BIOTA Biodiversity Observatories, that meet the following criteria (a) enable long-term monitoring of biodiversity, potential driving factors, and relevant indicators with adequate spatial and temporal resolution, (b) facilitate comparability of data generated within different ecosystems, (c) allow integration of many disciplines, (d) allow spatial up-scaling, and (e) be applicable within a network approach. A BIOTA Observatory encompasses an area of 1 km 2 and is subdivided into 100 1-ha plots. For meeting the needs of sampling of different organism groups, the hectare plot is again subdivided into standardized subplots, whose sizes follow a geometric series. To allow for different sampling intensities but at the same time to characterize the whole square kilometer, the number of hectare plots to be sampled depends on the requirements of the respective discipline. A hierarchical ranking of the hectare plots ensures that all disciplines monitor as many hectare plots jointly as possible. The BIOTA Observatory design assures repeated, multidisciplinary standardized inventories of biodiversity and its environmental drivers, including options for spatial up- and downscaling and different sampling intensities. BIOTA Observatories have been installed along climatic and landscape gradients in Morocco, West Africa, and southern Africa. In regions with varying land use, several BIOTA Observatories are situated close to each other to analyze management effects. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V

UN census households and local interpretations in Africa since independence

Abstract Since the 1950s, the UN Statistical Division has encouraged nations to standardize the definitions used in data collection. A key concept in censuses and surveys is the household: This is the unit for which information is collected and analyzed, and is thus an important dimension of data that are the basis for many policies. We aim to understand the tensions between conformity with UN guidelines and national priorities. We analyze the documentation around the UN household definition over this period. Using detailed census and survey documentary data for several African countries, especially Burkina Faso, Senegal, Uganda, and Tanzania, we examine the disparities between national census definitions of &quot;household&quot; and the UN definition. Perspectives from interviews with key informants within national statistical offices demonstrate the variability in the importance accorded to the UN harmonization aims and the problems that arise when these standardized approaches interact with local norms and living arrangements