The endocannabinoid system controls food intake via olfactory processes

Comment in Sensory systems: the hungry sense. [Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014] Inhaling: endocannabinoids and food intake. [Nat Neurosci. 2014]; International audience; Hunger arouses sensory perception, eventually leading to an increase in food intake, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors promote food intake in fasted mice by increasing odor detection. CB1 receptors were abundantly expressed on axon terminals of centrifugal cortical glutamatergic neurons that project to inhibitory granule cells of the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Local pharmacological and genetic manipulations revealed that endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids increased odor detection and food intake in fasted mice by decreasing excitatory drive from olfactory cortex areas to the MOB. Consistently, cannabinoid agonists dampened in vivo optogenetically stimulated excitatory transmission in the same circuit. Our data indicate that cortical feedback projections to the MOB crucially regulate food intake via CB1 receptor signaling, linking the feeling of hunger to stronger odor processing. Thus, CB1 receptor-dependent control of cortical feedback projections in olfactory circuits couples internal states to perception and behavior

Defining the clinical and cognitive phenotype of child savants with autism spectrum disorder

Objective: Whilst savant syndrome is most commonly observed in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it has historically been associated with intellectual impairment, and little is known about the clinical and cognitive characteristics of intellectually able individuals with ASD and savant skills. Methods: Participants with ASD and validated savant skills were compared with age and intelligence matched non-savants with ASD using a range of diagnostic and standardised tests. Results: Although the analysis of the clinical data revealed few differences between the groups, striking differences emerged during cognitive testing. Children with savant skills exhibited highly superior working memory and their scores on tests of analytic skills were also superior to those of non-savants. Conclusion: We propose that obsessionality, focused attention, superior working memory and analytic skills facilitate veridical mapping and pattern perception abilities characteristic in savant syndrome

UCT943, a next generation Plasmodium falciparum PI4K inhibitor preclinical candidate for the treatment of malaria

The 2-aminopyridine MMV048 was the first drug candidate inhibiting; Plasmodium; phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K), a novel drug target for malaria, to enter clinical development. In an effort to identify the next generation of PI4K inhibitors, the series was optimized to improve properties such as solubility and antiplasmodial potency across the parasite life cycle, leading to the 2-aminopyrazine UCT943. The compound displayed higher asexual blood stage, transmission-blocking, and liver stage activities than MMV048 and was more potent against resistant; Plasmodium falciparum; and; Plasmodium vivax; clinical isolates. Excellent; in vitro; antiplasmodial activity translated into high efficacy in; Plasmodium berghei; and humanized; P. falciparum; NOD-; scid IL-2R; γ; null; mouse models. The high passive permeability and high aqueous solubility of UCT943, combined with low to moderate; in vivo; intrinsic clearance, resulted in sustained exposure and high bioavailability in preclinical species. In addition, the predicted human dose for a curative single administration using monkey and dog pharmacokinetics was low, ranging from 50 to 80 mg. As a next-generation; Plasmodium; PI4K inhibitor, UCT943, based on the combined preclinical data, has the potential to form part of a single-exposure radical cure and prophylaxis (SERCaP) to treat, prevent, and block the transmission of malaria

Quantitative assessment of synaptic plasticity at the molecular scale with multimodal microscopy and computational tools

L'apprentissage et la mémoire aux niveaux cellulaire et moléculaire se caractérisent par la modulation de la force synaptique en recrutant et relocalisant des protéines synaptiques à l'échelle nanométrique. La plupart des études portant sur les mécanismes de la plasticité synaptique se sont concentrées sur des synapses spécifiques, manquant ainsi d'une vue d'ensemble de la diversité des changements de force synaptique et de la réorganisation des protéines dans les circuits neuronaux. Nous utilisons une combinaison d'imagerie fonctionnelle et à super résolution dans des cultures dissociées d'hippocampe et des outils d'intelligence artificielle pour classifier la diversité de synapses en fonction de leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles et organisationnelles. Nous avons mesuré l'activité synaptique en utilisant la microscopie à grand champ pour enregistrer des événements calciques dans des neurones exprimant le senseur calcique fluorescent GCaMP6f. Nous avons développé une approche d'apprentissage profond pour détecter et segmenter ces événements calciques. Nous montrons la modulation de l'amplitude et de la fréquence des événements calciques en fonction de l'activité neuronale. En outre, nous avons classifié les synapses actives et nous avons identifié un recrutement différentiel de certains types de synapses en fonction du paradigme de plasticité utilisé. Comme l'organisation des protéines synaptiques à l'intérieur de domaines nanométriques des synapses joue un rôle central dans la force et la plasticité synaptiques, nous résolvons l'organisation des protéines d'échafaudage présynaptiques (Bassoon, RIM1/2) et postsynaptiques (PSD95, Homer1c) en utilisant la nanoscopie STED (Déplétion par émission stimulée). Nous avons quantifié l'organisation synaptique à l'aide d'une analyse statistique de la distance entre objets basée sur Python (pySODA). Nous montrons que les stimuli induisant la plasticité modifient de manière différentielle l'organisation de ces protéines. En particulier, les protéines PSD95 et Bassoon présentent un changement d'organisation dépendant d'un traitement induisant une potentiation synaptique ou une dépression synaptique. De plus, à l'aide d'approches d'apprentissage automatique non supervisées, nous révélons la riche diversité des sous-types de protéines synaptiques présentant un remodelage différentiel. Pour étudier le lien entre l'architecture des protéines synaptiques et la force synaptique, nous avons combiné l'imagerie fonctionnelle et l'imagerie à super-résolution. Nous avons donc utilisé une approche d'apprentissage automatique pour optimiser les paramètres d'imagerie des cellules vivantes pour l'imagerie à haute résolution et nous avons combiné cela avec l'optimisation des paramètres de déblocage du glutamate pour sonder les signaux calciques correspondants. Notre approche permet de caractériser la population de synapses en fonction de leur taux d'activité et de leur organisation de protéines synaptiques et devrait fournir une base pour explorer davantage les divers mécanismes moléculaires de la plasticité synaptique.Learning and memory at the cellular and molecular levels are characterized by modulation of synaptic strength, involving the recruitment and re-localization of proteins within specific nanoscale synaptic domains. Most studies investigating the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity have been focussed on specific synapses, lacking a broad view of the diversity of synaptic changes in strength and protein re-organization across neural circuits. We use a combination of functional and super-resolution optical imaging in dissociated hippocampal cultures and artificial intelligence tools to classify the diversity of synapses, based on their functional and organizational characteristics. We measured synaptic activity using wide field microscopy to record miniature synaptic calcium transients (MSCTs) in neurons expressing the fluorescent calcium sensor GCaMP6f. We developed a deep learning approach to detect and segment these calcium events. Our results show that the amplitude and frequency of miniature calcium events are modulated by prior levels of circuit activity. In addition, we classified active synapses and identify differential recruitment of certain calcium dynamics depending on the plasticity paradigm used. To link the nanoscale organization of synaptic proteins with synaptic strength and plasticity, we optically resolved the organization of presynaptic (Bassoon, RIM1/2) and postsynaptic (PSD95, Homer1c) scaffolding proteins using STED (Stimulated Emission Depletion) nanoscopy. Using Python-based statistical object distance analysis (pySODA), we show that plasticity-inducing stimuli differentially alter the spatial organization of these proteins. In particular, PSD95 and Bassoon proteins show a treatment-dependent change in organization, associated either with synaptic potentiation or depression. Furthermore, using unsupervised machine learning approaches, we reveal the rich diversity of synaptic protein subtypes exhibiting differential remodeling. To investigate further the link between synaptic protein architecture and synaptic function, we aimed to combine functional and super-resolution imaging. We therefore used a machine learning approach to optimize live-cell imaging parameters for time-lapse imaging and combined this with the optimization of glutamate uncaging parameters to probe corresponding calcium signals. Our approach allows to characterize the population of synapses in terms of their activity rate and synaptic protein organization, providing a basis for further exploring the diverse molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity

High glucose uptake unexpectedly is accompanied by high levels of the mitochondrial beta-F1-ATPase subunit in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

A hallmark of solid tumors is the consumption of large amounts of glucose and production of lactate, also known as Warburg-like metabolism. This metabolic phenotype is typical for aggressive tumor growth, and can be visualized by F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) uptake detected by positron emission tomography (PET). High F-18-FDG uptake inversely correlates with survival and goes along with reduced expression of the catalytic beta-subunit of the H+-ATP synthase (beta-F1-ATPase) in several tumor entities analyzed so far. For this study we characterized a series of 15 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by (i) determining F-18-FDG-uptake; (ii) quantitative expression analysis of beta-F1-ATPase (Complex V), NDUF-S1 (Complex I) and COX1 (Complex IV) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), as well as Hsp60 (mitochondrial mass) and GAPDH (glycolysis) in tumor cells; (iii) sequencing of the mtDNA of representative tumor samples. Whereas high F-18-FDG-uptake also correlates with poor prognosis in HNSCC, it surprisingly is accompanied by high levels of beta-F1-ATPase, but not by any of the other analyzed proteins. In conclusion, we here describe a completely new phenotype of metabolic adaptation possibly enabling those tumors with highest levels of beta-F1-ATPase to rapidly proliferate even in hypoxic zones, which are typical for HNSCC

AKAP complex regulates Ca2+ re-uptake into heart sarcoplasmic reticulum

The β-adrenergic receptor/cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signalling pathway regulates heart rate and contractility. Here, we identified a supramolecular complex consisting of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2), its negative regulator phospholamban (PLN), the A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP18δ and PKA. We show that AKAP18δ acts as a scaffold that coordinates PKA phosphorylation of PLN and the adrenergic effect on Ca2+ re-uptake. Inhibition of the compartmentalization of this cAMP signalling complex by specific molecular disruptors interferes with the phosphorylation of PLN. This prevents the subsequent release of PLN from SERCA2, thereby affecting the Ca2+ re-uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by adrenergic stimuli

Effect of Rifampin-Isoniazid-Containing Antituberculosis Therapy on Efavirenz Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Children 3 to 14 Years Old

We compared efavirenz pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in children with tuberculosis (TB)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection on and off first-line antituberculosis therapy to that in HIV-infected children. Children 3 to 14 years old with HIV infection, with and without TB, were treated with standard efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy without any efavirenz dose adjustments. The new World Health Organization-recommended antituberculosis drug dosages were used in the coinfected participants. Steady-state efavirenz concentrations after 4 weeks of antiretroviral therapy were measured using validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Between groups, PK parameters were compared by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and within group by signed-rank test. Of the 105 participants, 43 (41.0%) had TB coinfection. Children with TB/HIV coinfection compared to those with HIV infection were younger, had lower median weight-for-age score, and received a higher median efavirenz weight-adjusted dose. Geometric mean (GM) efavirenz peak concentration ( ), concentration at 12 h ( ), , and total area under the curve from time 0 to 24 h (AUC ) values were similar in children with HIV infection and those with TB/HIV coinfection during anti-TB therapy. Geometric mean efavirenz , , and AUC values were lower in TB/HIV-coinfected patients off anti-TB therapy than in the children with HIV infection or TB/HIV coinfection on anti-TB therapy. Efavirenz clearance was lower and AUC was higher on than in patients off anti-TB therapy. Reduced efavirenz clearance by first-line anti-TB therapy at the population level led to similar PK parameters in HIV-infected children with and without TB coinfection. Our findings do not support modification of efavirenz weight-band dosing guidelines based on TB coinfection status in children. (The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number NCT01704144.)

High-fidelity 3D live-cell nanoscopy through data-driven enhanced super-resolution radial fluctuation

International audienceLive-cell super-resolution microscopy enables the imaging of biological structure dynamics below the diffraction limit. Here we present enhanced super-resolution radial fluctuations (eSRRF), substantially improving image fidelity and resolution compared to the original SRRF method. eSRRF incorporates automated parameter optimization based on the data itself, giving insight into the trade-off between resolution and fidelity. We demonstrate eSRRF across a range of imaging modalities and biological systems. Notably, we extend eSRRF to three dimensions by combining it with multifocus microscopy. This realizes live-cell volumetric super-resolution imaging with an acquisition speed of ~1 volume per second. eSRRF provides an accessible super-resolution approach, maximizing information extraction across varied experimental conditions while minimizing artifacts. Its optimal parameter prediction strategy is generalizable, moving toward unbiased and optimized analyses in super-resolution microscopy