Pisanie w umyśle

Zgodnie z tezą „umysłu rozszerzonego” znaczna część poznania ludzkiego zachodzi nie wyłącznie wewnątrz głowy, lecz dosłownie rozszerza się poza mózg na ciało i na świat wokół nas (Clark i Chalmers 1998; Clark 2003, 2008; Wilson 1995, 2004; Rowlands 1999, 2010; Menary 2007, 2012; Sutton 2010; Theiner 2011). Jednym ze sposobów na zrozumienie tej tezy jest myśl, że jako istoty ludzkie jesteśmy szczególnie biegli w tworzeniu i pozyskiwaniu środowiskowych rekwizytów i rusztowań (środków przekazu, narzędzi, artefaktów, systemów symboli) w celu rozwiązywania problemów, które w przeciwnym razie leżałyby poza naszym zasięgiem poznawczym. Manipulujemy, ustawiamy w rusztowania i projektujemy na nowo nasze środowiska w sposób zmieniający istotę trudnych zadań, które zbijałyby z tropu nasze pozbawione wspomagania, biologiczne mózgi (takich jak matematyka, logika, rozwiązywanie problemów w sekwencjach), tworząc łatwiejsze rodzaje problemów, do których rozwiązywania jesteśmy z natury lepiej wyposażeni. Centralnym założeniem tezy „umysłu rozszerzonego” jest zatem to, że „wiele z tego, co jest istotne dla inteligencji na poziomie ludzkim, ukryte jest nie w mózgu, nie w technologii, ale w złożonych i powtarzalnych interakcjach i współpracy między nimi” (Clark 2001: 154). W ciągu ostatnich piętnastu lat teza „umysłu rozszerzonego” stała się gorącym hasłem w filozofii umysłu. Jak to bywa z wielkimi konceptami, teza ta nie została stworzona ex nihilo; wykorzystuje ona i formułuje na nowo wiele wcześniejszych wątków. Niestety, wiele z tych pokrewnych wątków trafiło na margines współczesnej filozofii umysłu i psychologii i nie zwracaj się na nie tyle uwagi, na ile zasługują. Tym, co chcemy częściowo uzyskać w niniejszym tomie, jest odwrócenie tego trendu i rozbudzenie na nowo dialogu między tezą „umysłu rozszerzonego” i jej historycznymi poprzedniczkami

Influences on speech output in acquired apraxia of speech: a comparison of English and German

The nature of breakdown in apraxia of speech (AoS) continues to be a subject of debate. Determining which output variables influence production could assist in settling this debate. This study with 7 German and 7 English speakers with post-stroke output impairment showed significant independent effects of word frequency and phonotactic probability on repetition accuracy of (near) homophones in English and German. Only a moderate correlation existed between accuracy for the English and German subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the possible loci of breakdown in models of speech output and the implications for the assessment and treatment of AoS

Feasibility study concerning the actual implementation of a joint cross-border procurement procedure by public buyers from different Member States

Joint procurement refers to a situation in which two or more contracting authorities conduct a procurement procedure together. The key characteristic of this specific procedure is that only one tender is published on behalf of all participating contracting authorities. The notion of joint procurement does not automatically imply any cross-border element as such. Joint cross-border procurement refers to the particular procurement procedure which involves contracting authorities from different Member States conducting a common tender by bundling their demands and acting jointly in the award of the contract. There have already been some attempts to conduct JCBPP procedures in the European Union, despite the fact that until the implementation of Directive 2014/24/EU there were no explicit legal provisions to facilitate such forms of cooperation. Therefore contracting authorities faced both legal and practical difficulties, mostly due to conflicts between national public procurement rules and barriers preventing recourse to other Member States’ central purchasing body or the joint cross-border award of public contracts. Currently existing literature still offers only a few contributions describing the use and impact of JCBPP and the limited practical experience there is in conducting such procedures has not been presented in an aggregated form so far. This analysis is intended to help identify the best solutions for implementing JCBPP projects and offers concrete recommendations which should serve as a guideline for all interested stakeholders. The aim of the study is not to assess theoretical scenarios of JCBPP between contracting authorities in different Member States or to offer a legal analysis of factors that can influence the implementation of such projects. Its scope is to practically analyse projects that have been implemented in the past months or years and to highlight how they have been conducted, the obstacles or difficulties experienced by the participating contracting authorities and how they managed to overcome them. Centralised – and therefore “joint” – purchasing techniques are successfully used in most Member States and the idea of exploring a cross-border dimension is generating more and more interest as it facilitates cooperation between contracting authorities across Europe and at the same time enhances the benefits of the Internal Market by creating better business opportunities for economic operators. Thus, this feasibility study on the possible implementation of a JCBPP procedure consists of an analysis of relevant JCPPP projects, including a cost benefit analysis, and draws conclusions based on the main issues which need to be considered when conducting a JCBPP. The results of the feasibility study have allowed the drafting of recommendations for the implementation of JCBPP procedures. The feasibility study focuses on the legal, administrative and procedural aspects encountered in four selected JCBPP projects, taking into consideration country and sector-specific characteristics relevant to the implementation of such procedures

The narrative self, distributed memory, and evocative objects

In this article, I outline various ways in which artifacts are interwoven with autobiographical memory systems and conceptualize what this implies for the self. I first sketch the narrative approach to the self, arguing that who we are as persons is essentially our (unfolding) life story, which, in turn, determines our present beliefs and desires, but also directs our future goals and actions. I then argue that our autobiographical memory is partly anchored in our embodied interactions with an ecology of artifacts in our environment. Lifelogs, photos, videos, journals, diaries, souvenirs, jewelry, books, works of art, and many other meaningful objects trigger and sometimes constitute emotionally-laden autobiographical memories. Autobiographical memory is thus distributed across embodied agents and various environmental structures. To defend this claim, I draw on and integrate distributed cognition theory and empirical research in human-technology interaction. Based on this, I conclude that the self is neither defined by psychological states realized by the brain nor by biological states realized by the organism, but should be seen as a distributed and relational construct

Comprehensive analysis of Barkhausen emission spectra using pulse height analysis, frequency spectrum, and pulse wave form analysis

The dependence of magnetic Barkhausen emissions (MBE) upon both field excitation and detection frequencies and excitation wave form was studied in order to investigate two of several crucial factors which affect the emissions. Sinusoidal, triangular, and square wave forms were used to generate the MBE and the pulse height spectra, frequency spectra, and pulse wave forms of these signals were analyzed. The frequency spectra of sinusoidal and triangular alternating field excitations showed similar behavior but the spectrum under square wave excitation was different due to the existence of high frequency components during square wave switching. As yet, no common standard has been agreed upon for parameterization and representation of Barkhausen signals. It appears from this work that field excitation wave form and frequency should define the inputs, while detection frequency range, pulse height spectrum, frequency spectrum, and emitted pulse wave form analysis should be used to quantify the output

The Myth of the Black Death

The Black Death, usually treated as the cause of a multitude of historical phenomena, can also be seen as a result - indeed, as an artifact

Pope Innocent III, the Fourth Lateran Council, and Frankish Greece and Cyprus.

Although the union between the Latin and Greek Churches was one of Pope Innocent III’s career-long ambitions, the limited provisions made by the canons of the Fourth Lateran Council regarding the eastern Churches have led most historians to assume that by the end of his pontificate this matter had been relegated to one of secondary importance and was treated only as an afterthought during the council. By collecting and re-examining the surviving sources, this article shows that considerable time and energy was in fact spent during the council in regulating the affairs of the Churches of former Byzantine lands. The ensuing decisions and legislation formed the basis of the organisation of the Church in much of the Greco-Latin East for at least another three centuries

Evaluation of fatigue damage in steel structural components by magnetoelastic Barkhausen signal analysis

This paper is concerned with using a magnetic technique for the evaluation of fatigue damage in steel structural components. It is shown that Barkhausen effect measurements can be used to indicate impending failure due to fatigue under certain conditions. The Barkhausen signal amplitude is known to be highly sensitive to changes in density and distribution of dislocations in materials. The sensitivity of Barkhausen signal amplitude to fatigue damage has been studied in the low‐cycle fatigue regime using smooth tensile specimens of a medium strength steel. The Barkhausen measurements were taken at depths of penetration of 0.02, 0.07, and 0.2 mm. It was found that changes in magnetic properties are sensitive to microstructural changes taking place at the surface of the material throughout the fatigue life. The changes in the Barkhausen signals have been attributed to distribution of dislocations in stage I and stage II of fatigue life and the formation of a macrocrack in the final stage of fatigue

How are companies addressing supply chain transparency?: pedagogical case study of Rügenwalder Mühle

In the wake of further development of appropriate technologies and reports about food contamination incidents, human rights abuses, and environmental impacts, supply chain transparency in the food industry is gaining more attention. Customers demand more information and new governmental regulations were prescribed. Furthermore, companies can benefit from transparent supply chains as opportunities to increase efficiency can be revealed and risks can be managed more easily. However, many companies struggle to build transparent supply chains as it comes with several requirements and challenges. This pedagogical case study is about a German traditional meat company that successfully launched vegetarian and vegan substitutes in 2014 and is today the market leader in the sector in Germany. The case study applies frameworks from strategic management theory on the company’s endeavor to establish a new transparent supply chain structure for its meat substitutes. External factors supporting or impeding the undertaking will be explored and relevant internal factors will be identified and reviewed on their ability to ensure sustained competitive advantage. A detailed case description of the company establishing the context of the topic and a comprehensive literature review on supply chain transparency are provided. The study is a problem-based instructional approach situating learning in a practical task. The implementation in education imparts students with several diverse skills like critical and analytical thinking, information evaluation, and in case of group work, what is recommended to maximize learning effects, numerous interpersonal skills. It was designed for students but can be integrated into courses in different ways.Na sequência de um maior desenvolvimento de tecnologias apropriadas e de relatórios sobre incidentes de contaminação alimentar, abusos dos direitos humanos e impactos ambientais, a transparência da cadeia de abastecimento na indústria alimentar está a ganhar mais atenção. Os clientes exigem mais informação e foram prescritos novos regulamentos governamentais. Além disso, as empresas podem beneficiar de cadeias de abastecimento transparentes, uma vez que as oportunidades de aumentar a eficiência podem ser reveladas e os riscos podem ser geridos mais facilmente. No entanto, muitas empresas lutam para construir cadeias de abastecimento transparentes, uma vez que estas vêm acompanhadas de vários requisitos e desafios. Este estudo de caso pedagógico é sobre uma empresa de carne tradicional alemã, que lançou com sucesso substitutos vegetarianos e veganos em 2014 e é hoje o líder de mercado no sector na Alemanha. O estudo de caso aplica quadros da teoria de gestão estratégica sobre o esforço da empresa para estabelecer uma nova estrutura transparente de cadeia de abastecimento para os seus substitutos de carne. Os factores externos que apoiam ou impedem a empresa serão explorados e os factores internos relevantes serão identificados e revistos quanto à sua capacidade de assegurar uma vantagem competitiva sustentada. É fornecida uma descrição detalhada do caso da empresa que estabelece o contexto do tópico e uma revisão exaustiva da literatura sobre transparência da cadeia de abastecimento. O estudo é uma abordagem instrucional baseada em problemas, situando a aprendizagem numa tarefa prática. A implementação na educação confere aos estudantes diversas competências, como o pensamento crítico e analítico, a avaliação da informação e, no caso de trabalho de grupo, o que é recomendado para maximizar os efeitos de aprendizagem, numerosas competências interpessoais. Foi concebida para estudantes mas pode ser integrada em cursos de diferentes formas