Receipt from The India Rubber & Gutta Percha Insulating Co.

https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/goelet-new-york/1241/thumbnail.jp

On an improved construction of axleboxes and coupling rods for locomotive engines

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Difficult Passage

A story about the way we are all strangers to each other (and to ourselves), no matter how close we are or think we are, and the way we shower insensitivities on those we love. And about the pain of such realization

The tire track as an advertising medium. The case of Michelin and the trade wars between the pioneers in the sector (1904-1916)

La encarnizada lucha tecnológica y comercial entre las compañías pioneras del sector del neumático, estrechamente ligada a la librada entre los constructores de automóviles, fue especialmente intensa en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XX y tuvo su reflejo en las distintas estrategias publicitarias adoptadas. El cambio de siglo dejó atrás la era de la bicicleta para desplazar el foco a la emergente industria del motor. Compañías como las francesas Michelin y Bergougnan, la alemana Continental, la italiana Pirelli, las británicas Dunlop y North British o las americanas US Rubber, Goodyear, Goodrich y Firestone, iniciaron políticas de expansión internacional al mismo tiempo que –ante la invasión de firmas rivales foráneas– reforzaban su presencia local. La aparición en 1904 de las novedosas cubiertas neumáticas enteramente de goma y con dibujo antideslizante en su suela –lisa hasta el momento– desató una auténtica batalla comercial entre sus valedores y sus detractores. La beligerante política de comunicación de la firma Michelin fue especialmente significativa, y la utilización intensiva de la publicidad comparativa como recurso desató la airada respuesta de sus competidores.The fierce technological and commercial competition between the pioneers in tire production, closely linked to the rivalry between automobile producers, was especially intense in the first two decades of the twentieth century and is reflected in the different advertising strategies that the various firms adopted. The new century marked the end of the era of the bicycle and the emergence of the motorcar industry. Companies like Michelin and Bergougnan in France, Continental in Germany, Pirelli in Italy, Dunlop and North British in the UK, and US Rubber, Goodyear, Goodrich and Firestone in the US, all moved into the international market and also fought to strengthen their local presence in the face of competition from their foreign rivals. In 1904 the appearance of the new coverings made entirely of rubber and bearing non-skid tread (tires until that time had been plain) sparked off a full-scale trade war between the new tires’ supporters and detractors. The aggressive publicity campaign launched by Michelin was particularly significant, and the intensive use of comparative advertising met with an angry response from its competitors

Normal stresses in semiflexible polymer hydrogels

Biopolymer gels such as fibrin and collagen networks are known to develop tensile axial stress when subject to torsion. This negative normal stress is opposite to the classical Poynting effect observed for most elastic solids including synthetic polymer gels, where torsion provokes a positive normal stress. As recently shown, this anomalous behavior in fibrin gels depends on the open, porous network structure of biopolymer gels, which facilitates interstitial fluid flow during shear and can be described by a phenomenological two-fluid model with viscous coupling between network and solvent. Here we extend this model and develop a microscopic model for the individual diagonal components of the stress tensor that determine the axial response of semi-flexible polymer hydrogels. This microscopic model predicts that the magnitude of these stress components depends inversely on the characteristic strain for the onset of nonlinear shear stress, which we confirm experimentally by shear rheometry on fibrin gels. Moreover, our model predicts a transient behavior of the normal stress, which is in excellent agreement with the full time-dependent normal stress we measure.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

ART. II. On some Mechanical Functions of Arcolar Tissues. Containing the co-ordination of the Diffusion Laws of Professor Graham and the Experiments of Dr. J. K. Mitchell; and the General Law of Equilibrium.:

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Normal stress anisotropy and marginal stability in athermal elastic networks

Hydrogels of semiflexible biopolymers such as collagen have been shown to contract axially under shear strain, in contrast to the axial dilation observed for most elastic materials. Recent work has shown that this behavior can be understood in terms of the porous, two-component nature and consequent time-dependent compressibility of hydrogels. The apparent normal stress measured by a torsional rheometer reflects only the tensile contribution of the axial component $\sigma_{zz}$ on long (compressible) timescales, crossing over to the first normal stress difference, $N_1 = \sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{zz}$ at short (incompressible) times. While the behavior of $N_1$ is well understood for isotropic viscoelastic materials undergoing affine shear deformation, biopolymer networks are often anisotropic and deform nonaffinely. Here, we numerically study the normal stresses that arise under shear in subisostatic, athermal semiflexible polymer networks. We show that such systems exhibit strong deviations from affine behavior and that these anomalies are controlled by a rigidity transition as a function of strain