Interference Analysis of Medium Voltage Air Line 20 KV Feeder Using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Method

This article discusses the interference analysis of medium voltage air line 20 kv feeder using failure mode and effects analysis method. The distribution network consists of two parts, the first the distribution network consists of two parts, the first is the medium / primary voltage (JTM) network, which supplies electrical power from the sub-transmission substation to the distribution substation, the primary distribution network uses three wires or four wires for three phases. the impact of the reliability index from the calculation of the impact of the reliability index based on the number of disturbances (SAIFI), it shows that in January 2019 it has the highest index value, namely SAIFI, 1,695 disturbances/ subscribers. From the results of the calculation of the impact of the reliability index based on the number of blackouts (SAIDI), it shows that in January 2019 the SAIDI index value was 3,883 hours/customer

High rate of virological failure and low rate of switching to second-line treatment among adolescents and adults living with HIV on first-line ART in Myanmar, 2005-2015.

BACKGROUND: The number of people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Myanmar has been increasing rapidly in recent years. This study aimed to estimate rates of virological failure on first-line ART and switching to second-line ART due to treatment failure at the Integrated HIV Care program (IHC). METHODS: Routinely collected data of all adolescent and adult patients living with HIV who were initiated on first-line ART at IHC between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The cumulative hazard of virological failure on first-line ART and switching to second-line ART were estimated. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated using the Cox regression model to identify risk factors associated with the two outcomes. RESULTS: Of 23,248 adults and adolescents, 7,888 (34%) were tested for HIV viral load. The incidence rate of virological failure among those tested was 3.2 per 100 person-years follow-up and the rate of switching to second-line ART among all patients was 1.4 per 100 person-years follow-up. Factors associated with virological failure included: being adolescent; being lost to follow-up at least once; having WHO stage 3 and 4 at ART initiation; and having taken first-line ART elsewhere before coming to IHC. Of the 1032 patients who met virological failure criteria, 762 (74%) switched to second-line ART. CONCLUSIONS: We found high rates of virological failure among one third of patients in the cohort who were tested for viral load. Of those failing virologically on first-line ART, about one quarter were not switched to second-line ART. Routine viral load monitoring, especially for those identified as having a higher risk of treatment failure, should be considered in this setting to detect all patients failing on first-line ART. Strategies also need to be put in place to prevent treatment failure and to treat more of those patients who are actually failing

Presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the 'Granary of Myanmar'.

Melioidosis is a frequently fatal infectious disease caused by the Gram negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. Although it was originally discovered in Myanmar, the disease disappeared from sight for many decades. This study focuses on detection of B. pseudomallei in soil in selected sampling sites in an attempt to start to fill the gaps in the current status of our knowledge of the geographical distribution of B. pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. This cross-sectional study consists of 400 soil samples from 10 selected study townships from two major paddy growing regions. Bacterial isolation was done using a simplified method for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil. In this study, only 1% (4/400) of soil samples were found to be positive; two of four were found at 90 cm depth and another two positive samples were found at 30 cm and 60 cm. This survey has confirmed the presence of environmental B. pseudomallei in Myanmar indicating that the conditions are in place for melioidosis acquisition

A mixed methods evaluation of Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO) and Basic Life Support in Obstetrics (BLSO) in a resource-limited setting on the Thailand-Myanmar border [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: Short emergency obstetric care (EmOC) courses have demonstrated improved provider confidence, knowledge and skills but impact on indicators such as maternal mortality and stillbirth is less substantial. This manuscript evaluates Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO) and Basic Life Support (BLSO) as an adult education tool, in a protracted, post-conflict and resource-limited setting. Methods: A mixed methods evaluation was used. Basic characteristics of ALSO and BLSO participants and their course results were summarized. Kirkpatrick’s framework for assessment of education effectiveness included: qualitative data on participants’ reactions to training (level 1); and quantitative health indicator data on change in the availability and quality of EmOC and in maternal and/or neonatal health outcomes (level 4), by evaluation of the post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) related maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and stillbirth rate in the eight years prior and following implementation of ALSO and BLSO. Results: 561 Thailand-Myanmar border health workers participated in ALSO (n=355) and BLSO (n=206) courses 2008-2020. Pass rates on skills exceeded 90% for both courses while 50% passed the written ALSO test. Perceived confidence significantly improved for all items assessed. In the eight-year block preceding the implementation of ALSO and BLSO (2000-07) the PPH related MMR per 100,000 live births was 57.0 (95%CI 30.06-108.3)(9/15797) compared to 25.4 (95%CI 11.6-55.4)(6/23620) eight years following (2009-16), p=0.109. After adjustment, PPH related maternal mortality was associated with birth before ALSO/BLSO implementation aOR 3.825 (95%CI 1.1233-11.870), migrant (not refugee) status aOR 3.814 (95%CI 1.241-11.718) and attending ≤four antenatal consultations aOR 3.648 (95%CI 1.189-11.191). Stillbirth rate per 1,000 total births was 18.2 (95%CI 16.2-20.4)(291/16016) before the courses, and 11.1 (95%CI 9.8-12.5)(264/23884) after, p=0.038. Birth before ALSO/ BLSO implementation was associated with stillbirth aoR 1.235 (95%CI 1.018-1.500). Conclusions: This evaluation suggests ALSO and BLSO are sustainable, beneficial, EmOC trainings for adult education in protracted, post-conflict, resource-limited settings

Наноразмерная характеризация металлических магнетронных нанопленочных мультислоев из Cr, Cu, Al, Ni на ситалле

Results of nanoscale study (by atomic force microscopy and X−ray diffraction) of single−, two− and three−layered Cr, Cu, Al and Ni metallic nanofilms formed on a ceramic sital substrate on MVU TM−Magna T magnetron equipment (NIITM, Zelenograd) have been reported. The growth rates and the structure of the nanofilms were determined while varying of power/current ratio from 200/0.7 to 800/2 Wt/A and magnetron sputtering time from 30 to 360s at an operating pressure of 0.5 Pa Ar. The criterion for optimization quality based on the minimum roughness was as follows: Ra = min{Rai} and/or Rq → min{Rqi} (i is the number of varies modes used). The mean roughness Ra and RRMS = Rq have been determined from the scan of the vertical profile (resolution 20 pm) of the atomic force microscopic image. We found that the nanofilm–forming nanocluster structure size for the modes when Ra and Rq were the smallest had a close–to–Gaussian grain size distribution. The film growth rates have been determined based on the atomic force images of the nanofilm structure in the form of either a single step or steps obtained at different time intervals. The mode and parameters of magnetron sputtering and the composition of the Cr, Cu, Al and Ni targets affect the size of clusters which form the surface of the metallic nanofilms. X−ray phase and structural analyses have been carried out in order to determine the texture and the change in the distances between the lattice planes. The correctness of the optimization criterion correlating the nanolayer deposition parameters and their quality has been corroborated by the coincidence of the magnetron sputtering modes which provided for the lowest roughness and the smallest average size of the X−ray coherence region as using the Debye− Scherrer equation.Представлены результаты наноразмерных исследований (методами атомно−силовой микроскопии и рентгенодифракционного анализа) одно−, двух− и трехслойных металлических нанопленок из Cr, Cu, Al и Ni, сформированных на керамической подложке из ситалла на магнетронной установке МВУ ТМ−Магна Т (НИИТМ, г. Зеленоград). Определены скорости роста и структура нанопленок при мощностях/ токах, варьируемых от 200/0,7 до 800/2 Вт/А, и времени магнетронного распыления от 30 до 360 с с рабочим давлением Ar 0,5 Па. Предложен критерий оптимизации их качества по минимальным значениям средней и среднеквадратичной шероховатостей, которые определены по скану вертикального профиля (разрешение 20 пм) атомно−силового микроскопического изображения. Установлено, что размеры нанокластерных структур, образующих нанопленки, на режимах, когда шероховатости минимальны, обладали гранулометрическим распределением, близким к гауссовому. По атомно− силовым изображениям структуры нанопленок в виде как одиночного уступа, так и уступов, получаемых за разные интервалы времени, определены скорости роста нанопленок. Выявлено влияние режимов и параметров магнетронного распыления, а также составов мишеней из Cr, Cu, Al и Ni на размеры кластеров, из которых сформированы поверхности металлических нанопленок. Методами рентгенодифракционного анализа определены текстура и изменение межплоскостных расстояний в кристаллических решетках. Обоснованность предлагаемого критерия оптимизации, связывающего параметры нанесения нанослоев и их качество, подтверждена совпадением режимов магнетронного распыления, при которых достигается как минимум шероховатости, так и усредненное значение размера области когерентности, определенное из уравнения Дебая—Шеррера

Образование иерархических структур из функционализированных многостенных углеродных нанотрубок в растворе с аэросилом

The features and  regularities of self−assembly and  self− organization processes in the diffusion−limited conditions (method of drops) of aqueous (deionized water) colloidal solutions of multi−walled carbon nanotubes with aerosil under the influence of constant electric fields with a value varying of direct  current voltage  from 15 to 25 V have been studied. During droplet evaporation in an electric field, the processes of hierarchical structuring have been studied and the formation of linear piecewise with the sizes of 40—120 nm, fractal structures 25—45 nm and  diffusion structures 250 nm from MWCNT — COOH + aerosil  + H2ODI  have  been observed. These structures have  been analyzed by methods of confocal microscopy, X−ray powder diffraction, Raman scattering, atomic force microscopy, FT−IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The size of micro− and nanostructures in hyperbolic dependence of d = 1/U in the  approximation d → 2R, and their growth rate  increases as U2 have been observed. Intensive ultrasonic dispersion proves to produce a centrally−axial arrangement located SWCNT after ultrasonic dispersing of functionalized MWCNT — COOH + aerosil  + H2ODI colloidal solution, as confirmed by excitation of Raman lines in the low−wavelength region, the so−called breathing mode, resulting in the existence of mixed types sp2−hybridization with π− and σ−carbon bonds, as well as metallic and semiconducting conductivity, which indicates great practical importance of this structuring for the development of nanoelectronics. Изучены особенности и закономерности процессов самосборки и самоорганизации в диффузионно−ограниченных условиях (методом из капли) водных (деионизированная вода)  коллоидных растворов многостенных углеродных нанотрубок (МУНТ) с аэросилом под воздействием постоянных электрических полей, варьируемых по величине от 15 до 25 В. В ходе испарения капли в однородном электрическом поле изучены процессы иерархического структурирования и обнаружено формирование линейно−кусочных образований размером 40—120 нм, фрактальных структур — 25—45 нм, а также диффузных структур — 250 нм из «МУНТ — COOH + аэросил + H2Oд.в». Проведены исследования структур методами конфокальной микроскопии, рентгеновской дифрактометрии, спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния, атомно−силовой микроскопии, ИК−спектроскопии и сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Установлено,  что размеры наблюдаемых микро− и наноструктур уменьшаются по гиперболической зависимости d = 1/U в приближении d  → 2R, а скорость их роста возрастает как U2. Доказано, что интенсивное ультразвуковое диспергирование функционализированных «МУНТ — COOH + аэросил + H2Oд.в» в коллоидном растворе вызывает появление внутри одностенных углеродных нанотрубок с центрально−осевым расположением так называемых дыхательных мод. Это подтверждается возбуждением линий КРС в коротковолновой области, и обусловливает как существование смешанных типов sp2−гибридизации с π− и σ−углеродными связями, так и металлической и полупроводниковой проводимостей, что указывает на большое практическое значение такого структурирования для развития наноэлектроники

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon-scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land-tenure insecurity, large-scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure- and energy-project planning, and reforming land-tenure and environmental-protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon-scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land-tenure insecurity, large-scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure- and energy-project planning, and reforming land-tenure and environmental-protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security