Avaliação do sistema cardiovascular: risco de exposição aos metais pesados

A doença cardiovascular (DCV) é um conjunto de alterações patológicas no coração e vasos sanguíneos que possui diversos fatores de risco incluindo a exposição a metais pesados. Sua fisiopatologia esta relacionada ao estresse oxidativo causado pelos metais que gera espécies reativas de oxigênio, peroxidação lipídica e formação de complexo homo-cisteina. O estudo teve por objetivo descrever os efeitos dos metais pesados (arsênio, cadmio e chumbo) relacionados ao sistema cardiovascular. O presente estudo trata-se de uma mini revisão de literatura de sete artigos selecionados em levantamento bibliográfico prévio. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Public Medlines (Pubmed). Utilizando-se os descritores ciências da saúde (DeCS): “heavy metals” and “long term” and “cardiovascular disease”, entre os anos de 2011 a 2019. Os principais efeitos que se constaram com o arsênio foram que as doenças que afetam o coração e sua exposição em um nível moderado para alto tem relação com aumento da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares; em relação ao cadmio, o resultado é a inflamação e os danos nas células endoteliais pelo estresse oxidativo e a possível relação com as doenças arteriais coronarianas; e, em relação ao chumbo correlaciona-se o aumento da pressão sistólica e os danos da função renal por espécies oxidativas, sendo sua exposição prolongada causa alteração no metabolismo lipídico sistêmico. Logo se conclui que o acúmulo de metais pesados aumenta as doenças do sistema cardiovascular, mostrando-se assim, como grupo de risco para essas doenças indivíduos que tem contato direto e frequente com esses metais, necessitando de intervenção para prevenção clinica dessas doenças

Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-angiogenic Activity of Trypanosoma cruzi Protein 21 and its Potential Impact on the Onset of Chagasic Cardiomyopathy

Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is arguably the most important form of the Chagas Disease, caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruziit is estimated that 10-30% of chronic patients develop this clinical manifestation. The most common and severe form of CCC can be related to ventricular abnormalities, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, heart blocks, thromboembolic events and sudden death. Therefore, in this study, we proposed to evaluate the anti-angiogenic activity of a recombinant protein from T. cruzi named P21 (rP21) and the potential impact of the native protein on CCC. Our data suggest that the anti-angiogenic activity of rP21 depends on the protein's direct interaction with the CXCR4 receptor. This capacity is likely related to the modulation of the expression of actin and angiogenesis-associated genes. Thus, our results indicate that T. cruzi P21 is an attractive target for the development of innovative therapeutic agents against CCC.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Departamento Microbiol Imunol Parasitol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Imunol, Lab Tripanosomatideos, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Inst Genet & Bioquim, Lab Bioquim & Toxinas Animais, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilCeTICS, Inst Butantan, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Fac Med, Centro Referencia Nacl Dermatol Sanitaria Hanseni, Lab Patol Mol & Biotecnol, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Immunol, Lab Osteoimunol & Imunol Tumores, Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Departamento Microbiol Imunol Parasitol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Departamento Microbiol Imunol Parasitol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Role of Trypanosoma cruzi P21 protein in inflammation and chronic experimental infection in vivo.

T. cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. This protozoan, upon entering the vertebrate host, is able to invade a wide of nucleated cells. For this, it uses secreted proteins that have modulatory activity in the infection. The P21 protein is secreted by T. cruzi and exhibits important biological activity, such as promoting phagocytosis and polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in host cells. In this study, we discovered other biological activities of P21. Using a model of chronic inflammation (polyester sponge) in murine, we demonstrated that P21 has chemotactic activity, induction of Interleukin-4 production, fibrosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. We also evaluated chronic T. cruzi infection compared to L. amazonensis infection, also in murine, in the presence of P21. In this case, P21 was able to increase the parasite load of L. amazonensis and, conversely, inhibited the replication of T. cruzi in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that in mice treated with rP21, cardiac tissue exhibited intense inflammatory foci, increased collagen deposition, and inhibition of angiogenesis. From this, in order to inhibit P21, we performed a series of in vitro assays using a synthetic peptide (P1) binding the protein. We have seen that P1 inhibited actin polymerization and the anti -angiogenic activity of P21. In addition, it was able to reduce invasion and induce replication of T. cruzi in macrophages. Therefore, P21 plays an important role in the context of T. cruzi infection and may be a target in therapeutic studies for Chagas' disease.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorTese (Doutorado)T. cruzi é o agente etiológico da doença de Chagas. Esse protozoário, após entrar no hospedeiro vertebrado, é capaz de invadir inúmeras células nucleadas. Para isso, se utiliza de proteínas secretadas que têm atividade modulatória na infecção. A proteína P21 é secretada por T. cruzi e apresenta atividades biológicas importantes, como promover a fagocitose e a polimerização do citoesqueleto de actina nas células hospedeiras. Neste estudo, nós descobrimos outras atividades biológicas da P21. Utilizando modelo de inflamação crônica (esponja de poliéster) em murinos, demonstramos que a P21 possui atividade quimiotática, indução da produção de Interleucina-4 e fibrose e, inibição da angiogênese. Avaliamos ainda, a infecção crônica por T. cruzi comparado com a infecção por L. amazonensis, também em murinos, na presença da P21. Neste caso, a P21 foi capaz de aumentar a carga parasitaria de L. amazonensis e, de forma contrária, inibiu a replicação de T. cruzi in vivo e in vitro. Além disso, demonstramos que nos camundongos tratados com a rP21, o tecido cardíaco apresentou focos inflamatórios intensos, maior deposição de colágeno, e inibição da angiogênese. A partir disso, com o intuito de inibir a P21, nós realizamos uma série de ensaios in vitro, utilizando um peptídeo sintético (P1) ligante da proteína. Vimos que o P1 inibiu a polimerização de actina e a atividade anti-angiogênica da P21. E ainda, foi capaz de reduzir a invasão e induzir a replicação de T. cruzi em macrófagos. Portanto, a P21 apresenta importante papel no contexto da infecção por T. cruzi e pode ser um alvo em estudos terapêuticos para doença de Chagas

Proteínas relacionadas ao citoesqueleto e vias de sinalização envolvidas no tráfego intracelular de Leishmania amazonensis: efeito da proteína P21-His6 de Trypanosoma cruzi em infecção por Leishmania amazonensis in vivo

CHAPTER I: Leishmania spp are obligate intracellular protozoan that can cause a complex of known infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis, affecting millions of people worldwide. The host-pathogen interaction involves the parasite surface molecules and cellular receptors that culminate in phagocytosis. This internalization process involves changes in cytoskeleton through interaction with proteins related to actin polymerization, as AFAP, Arp 2/3 complex, Galectin-3, Septins and WASp, as well as activation and signaling pathways. It is known that L. amazonensis promastigotes after entry into phagocytes are present in phagosomes, and these vesicles undergo a maturation process, forming phagolysosome, important for differentiation of the promastigote forms to amastigotes. This study aimed to understand which proteins related to actin cytoskeleton exert role in the process of invasion and multiplication of L. amazonensis and which signaling pathways are involved in the formation of phagolysosome, the invasion and multiplication of this protozoan process the host cell. For this, we did invasion and multiplication assays with macrophages C57 BL/6 and BALB/c peritoneal treated or not with cytochalasin D, invasion assay with macrophages C57 BL/6 previously fixed in formaldehyde (0.01%), assay with macrophages C57 BL/6 knockdown for AFAP-1L1, Arp2, Galectin-3, Septin 4, 14 and WASP proteins compared to wild type cells. And yet, assays phagolysosome kinetics of formation and proliferation and invasion assays using inhibitors of Akt, ERK2, MEK1, MEK1/2, mTOR, PI3K and Ras signaling pathways. The results show that L. amazonensis invaded cells defective in actin polymerization, as well as fixed cells as well as decreased expression of Arp2, Galectin-3 and WASp proteins increased internalization of these parasites. The signaling pathways MEK1/2, ERK2 and AKT delayed the recruitment of the lysosomes to phagosome, and inhibition of PI3K, MEK1/2 and ERK2 pathways drastically decreased internalization of the parasite in the cells. We concluded that L. amazonensis were able to actively invade phagocytic cells, and that the Arp2, Galectin-3 and WASp proteins are involved in the process of entry into host cells. In addition, the MEK1/2, AKT and ERK2 signaling pathways are involved in the formation of phagolysosome as well as PI3K, MEK1/2 and ERK2 pathways seem to favor infection with L. amazonensis. CHAPTER II: The flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent for Chagas disease. It is estimated that there are eight million people infected worldwide. T. cruzi has different surface proteins related to cell invasion. In this context, our research group identified in T. cruzi, a protein of 21 kDa (P21) showed that pro-phagocytic and chemotactic activities, playing an important role in the internalization of this parasite in vitro. This study aimed to evaluate the role of recombinant protein P21-His6 based on native P21 of T. cruzi in Leishmania amazonensis in order to seek greater understanding of the mechanism of action of this protein and its relationship with the host in vivo. To this end, the footpad infect BALB/c mouse treated with 40μg of active and denatured recombinant P21, BSA and PBS for 6 weeks and assess the footpad size, parasitic load (real time PCR) and cytokine production of IL-1β in the paws, the popliteal lymph nodes and spleen. The results showed an increase in the footpad area, as well as increased parasite load in the infected and treated animals with P21-His6. Also, increased production of IL-β in the footpad and the popliteal lymph nodes also in animals treated with P21-His6. We conclude that the P21 protein plays a role in pro-phagocytic also in vivo experiments, favoring infection.Mestre em Imunologia e Parasitologia AplicadasCAPÍTULO I: Leishmania spp são protozoários intracelulares obrigatórios, que podem causar um complexo de doenças infecciosas conhecidas como leishmanioses, que afetam milhões de pessoas mundialmente. A interação entre patógeno-hospedeiro envolve moléculas de superfície do parasito e receptores celulares que culminam na fagocitose. Este processo de internalização envolve modificações no citoesqueleto celular por meio da interação com proteínas relacionadas à polimerização de actina, como AFAP, Complexo Arp2/3, Galectina-3, Septinas e WASp, bem como a ativação de vias de sinalização. Sabe-se que formas promastigotas de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis após a entrada nos fagócitos, estão presentes em fagossomos, e essas vesículas sofrem um processo de maturação, formando o fagolisossomo importante para a diferenciação da forma promastigota em amastigota. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, entender quais proteínas relacionadas ao citoesqueleto de actina exercem papel no processo de invasão e na multiplicação de L. amazonensis, bem como, quais vias de sinalização estão envolvidas no processo de formação do fagolisossomo, na invasão e na multiplicação deste protozoário na célula hospedeira. Para isso, fizemos ensaios de invasão e multiplicação em macrófagos imortalizados C57 BL/6 e peritoneais de BALB/c tratados ou não com citocalasina D, ensaio de invasão em macrófagos C57 BL/6 previamente fixadas em formaldeído, ensaio com macrófagos C57 BL/6 knockdown para as proteínas AFAP-1L1, Arp2, Galectina-3, Septina 4 e 14 e WASp, comparando com células Wild Type. E ainda, ensaios de cinética de formação do fagolissomo e ensaios de invasão e multiplicação utilizando inibidores das vias de sinalização envolvendo Akt, ERK2, MEK1, MEK1/2, mTOR, PI3K e Ras foram realizados. Os resultados mostram que L. amazonensis invadiu células deficientes na polimerização de actina, e também células fixadas, bem como a diminuição da expressão das proteínas Arp2, Galectina-3 e WASp aumentaram a internalização desses parasitos. As vias de sinalização MEK1/2, ERK2, AKT atrasaram o recrutamento de lisossomos para o fagossomo, e a inibição das vias PI3K, MEK1/2 e ERK2 diminuíram drasticamente a internalização do parasito nas células. Concluímos que L. amazonensis foi capaz de invadir ativamente células fagocíticas, e que as proteínas Arp2, Galectina-3 e WASp estão envolvidas no processo de entrada na células hospedeira. Além disso, as vias de sinalização MEK1/2, ERK2 e AKT estão envolvidas na formação do fagolisossomo, bem como as vias PI3K, MEK1/2 e ERK2 parecem favorecer a infecção por L. amazonensis. CAPÍTULO II: O protozoário flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi é o causador da Doença de Chagas. Estima-se a existência de 8 milhões de pessoas infectadas em todo o mundo. T. cruzi apresenta diferentes proteínas de superfície relacionadas ao processo de invasão celular. Nesse contexto, nosso grupo de pesquisa identificou em T. cruzi, uma proteína de 21 kDa (P21) que apresentou atividades pro-fagocíticas e quimiotáticas, exercendo papel importante na internalização desse protozoário in vitro. O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar o papel da proteína recombinante P21-His6 baseada na P21 nativa de T. cruzi na infecção por Leishmania amazonensis, a fim de buscar maior entendimento no mecanismo de ação dessa proteína e sua relação com o hospedeiro in vivo. Para isso, infectamos as patas de animais BALB/c e tratamos os animais com 40μg de P21 recombinante ativa e desnaturada, PBS e BSA por 6 semanas e avaliamos o tamanho da pata, a carga parasitária (PCR em tempo real) e a produção da citocina IL-1β nas patas, linfonodos do poplíteo e baços. Os resultados mostraram aumento na área da pata, bem como aumento da carga parasitária nos animais infectados e tratados com a P21-His6. E ainda, aumento da produção da citocina Il-1β na pata e no linfonodo do poplíteo também nos animais tratados com a P21-His6 também foram observados. Concluímos que a proteína P21 exerce papel pro-fagocítico também em experimentos in vivo, favorecendo a infecção

Revealing Annexin A2 and ARF-6 enrollment during Trypanosoma cruzi extracellular amastigote-host cell interaction

Abstract Background Invasion of host cells by Trypanosoma cruzi extracellular amastigotes is host actin polymerization-dependent. However, the role of proteins related to actin dynamics during invasion by amastigotes remains to be investigated. Here we describe the role of Annexin A2 and ARF-6 during extracellular amastigote-mammalian cell interactions. Findings Our results showed ARF-6 accumulation in the amastigote-containing parasitophorous vacuole containing amastigote forms; demonstrated ARF-6 and Annexin A2 critical impact over parasite cell invasion and revealed the effect of Annexin A2 expression on intracellular parasite multiplication. Conclusion ARF-6 and Annexin A2 are involved in invasion of mammalian cells by T. cruzi amastigotes

Evaluation of pathogen P21 protein as a potential modulator of the protective immunity induced by Trypanosoma cruzi attenuated parasites

BACKGROUND TcP21 is a ubiquitous secreted protein of Trypanosoma cruzi and its recombinant form (rP21) promotes parasite cell invasion and acts as a phagocytosis inducer by activating actin polymerisation in the host cell. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to evaluate if the additional supplementation of rP21 during a prime/boost/challenge scheme with T. cruzi TCC attenuated parasites could modify the well-known protective behavior conferred by these parasites. METHODS The humoral immune response was evaluated through the assessment of total anti-T. cruzi antibodies as well as IgG subtypes. IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were measured in supernatants of splenic cells stimulated with total parasite homogenate or rP21. FINDINGS Our results demonstrated that, when comparing TCC+rP21 vs. TCC vaccinated animals, the levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher in the former group, while the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly lower. Further, the measurement of parasite load after lethal challenge showed an exacerbated infection and parasite load in heart and skeletal muscle after pre-treatment with rP21, suggesting the important role of this protein during parasite natural invasion process. MAIN CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that rP21 may have adjuvant capacity able to modify the cytokine immune profile elicited by attenuated parasites

Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oil from Blepharocalyx salicifolius

Natural products represent a source of biologically active molecules that have an important role in drug discovery. The aromatic plant Blepharocalyx salicifolius has a diverse chemical constitution but the biological activities of its essential oils have not been thoroughly investigated. The aims of this paper were to evaluate in vitro cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial activities of an essential oil from leaves of B. salicifolius and to identify its main chemical constituents. The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation, chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and biological activities were performed by a microdilution broth method. The yield of essential oil was 0.86% (w/w), and the main constituents identified were bicyclogermacrene (17.50%), globulol (14.13%), viridiflorol (8.83%), γ-eudesmol (7.89%) and α-eudesmol (6.88%). The essential oil was cytotoxic against the MDA-MB-231 (46.60 μg·mL−1) breast cancer cell line, being more selective for this cell type compared to the normal breast cell line MCF-10A (314.44 μg·mL−1). Flow cytometry and cytotoxicity results showed that this oil does not act by inducing cell death, but rather by impairment of cellular metabolism specifically of the cancer cells. Furthermore, it presented antifungal activity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (156.25 μg·mL−1) but was inactive against other fungi and bacteria. Essential oil from B. salicifolius showed promising biological activities and is therefore a source of molecules to be exploited in medicine or by the pharmaceutical industry

Interleukin-6 Signaling in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells Elicits the Annexin A1/Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Axis and Affects the Tumor Microenvironment

Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a pleiotropic protein that exerts essential roles in breast cancer (BC) growth and aggressiveness. In our previous work, we described the autocrine signaling of AnxA1 through formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) in the triple-negative (TN) BC cell line, MDA-MB-231. Here, we aimed to describe the interaction between the AnxA1/FPR1 and the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathways and their role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). First, we demonstrated that AnxA1 and IL-6 expression levels are correlated in BC tissue samples. In three TNBC cell lines, overexpression of both AnxA1 and IL-6 was also identified. Next, we inhibited FPR1, the IL-6 receptor and STAT3 in both MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-157 cells. The FPR1 inhibition led to increased levels of IL-6 and secreted AnxA1 in both cell lines. On the other side, inhibition of the IL-6 receptor or STAT3 led to the impairment of AnxA1 secretion, suggesting the essential role of the IL-6 signaling cascade in the activation of the AnxA1/FPR1 autocrine axis. Finally, we described the interaction between IL-6 and the AnxA1/FPR1 pathways and their role on the TME by analyzing the effect of supernatants derived from MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-157 cells under the inhibition of FPR1 or IL-6 signaling on fibroblast cell motility

Inhibition of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Aggressiveness by Cathepsin D Blockage: Role of Annexin A1

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are more aggressive than other breast cancer (BC) subtypes and lack effective therapeutic options. Unraveling marker events of TNBCs may provide new directions for development of strategies for targeted TNBC therapy. Herein, we reported that Annexin A1 (AnxA1) and Cathepsin D (CatD) are highly expressed in MDA-MB-231 (TNBC lineage), compared to MCF-10A and MCF-7. Since the proposed concept was that CatD has protumorigenic activity associated with its ability to cleave AnxA1 (generating a 35.5 KDa fragment), we investigated this mechanism more deeply using the inhibitor of CatD, Pepstatin A (PepA). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated that PepA inhibits CatD activity by occupying its active site; the OH bond from PepA interacts with a CO bond from carboxylic acids of CatD catalytic aspartate dyad, favoring the deprotonation of Asp33 and consequently inhibiting CatD. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with PepA induced apoptosis and autophagy processes while reducing the proliferation, invasion, and migration. Finally, in silico molecular docking demonstrated that the catalytic inhibition comprises Asp231 protonated and Asp33 deprotonated, proving all functional results obtained. Our findings elucidated critical CatD activity in TNBC cell trough AnxA1 cleavage, indicating the inhibition of CatD as a possible strategy for TNBC treatment