The role of A2A receptors in cognitive decline : decoding the molecular shift towards neurodegeneration

Aging is associated with cognitive decline both in humans and animals. Importantly, aging is the main risk factor for nerurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which primarily affects synapses in the temporal lobe and hippocampal formation. In fact, synaptic dysfunction plays a central role in AD, since it drives cognitive decline. Indeed, in age-related neurodegeneration, cognitive decline has a stronger correlation to early synapse loss than neuronal loss in patients. Despite the many clinical trials conducted to identify drug targets that could reduce protein toxicity in AD, such targets and strategies have proven unsuccessful. Therefore, efforts focused on identifying the early mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, driven or exacerbated by the aging process, may prove more relevant to slow the progression rather than the current disease-based models. A recent genetic study discovered a significant association of the adenosine A2A receptor encoding gene (ADORA2A) with hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. There is compelling evidence from animal models of a cortical and hippocampal upsurge of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) in glutamatergic synapses upon aging and AD. Importantly, the blockade of A2AR prevents hippocampus-dependent memory deficits and synaptic impairments in aged animals and in several AD models. Accordingly, in humans, several epidemiological studies have shown that regular caffeine consumption attenuates memory disruption during aging and decreases the risk of developing memory impairments in AD patients. Together, these data suggest that A2AR might be a good candidate as trigger to synaptic dysfunction in aging and AD. The main goal of this dissertation was then to explore the synaptic function of A2AR in age-related conditions. We have assessed the A2AR expression in human hippocampal slices and found a significant upsurge of A2AR in hippocampal neurons of aged humans, a phenotype aggravated in AD patients. Increased selective expression of A2AR driven by the CaMKII promoter in rat forebrain neurons was sufficient to mimic aging-like memory impairments, assessed by the Morris water maze task, and to uncover an LTD-to-LTP shift in the Schaffer collaterals-CA1 synapse of hippocampus. This shift was due to an increased NMDA receptor gating and associated to increased Ca2+ influx. The mGluR5-NMDAR interplay was identified as a key event in A2AR-induced synaptic dysfunction. Moreover, chronic treatment with an A2AR selective antagonist, orally delivered for one month, rescued the aberrant NMDAR overactivation and the plasticity shift. Importantly, the same LTD-to-LTP shift was observed in memory-impaired aged rats and APP/PS1 mice modeling AD, a phenotype rescued upon A2AR blockade. These data support a key role for over-active hippocampal A2AR in aging and AD-dependent synaptic and cognitive dysfunction and may underlie the significant genetic association of ADORA2A with AD. Importantly, this newly found interaction might prove a suitable alternative for regulating aberrant mGluR5/NMDAR signaling in AD without disrupting their constitutive activity

Novel players in the aging synapse: impact on cognition

© Mariana Temido-Ferreira, et al. 2019; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are cited.While neuronal loss has long been considered as the main contributor to age-related cognitive decline, these alterations are currently attributed to gradual synaptic dysfunction driven by calcium dyshomeostasis and alterations in ionotropic/metabotropic receptors. Given the key role of the hippocampus in encoding, storage, and retrieval of memory, the morpho- and electrophysiological alterations that occur in the major synapse of this network-the glutamatergic-deserve special attention. We guide you through the hippocampal anatomy, circuitry, and function in physiological context and focus on alterations in neuronal morphology, calcium dynamics, and plasticity induced by aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We provide state-of-the art knowledge on glutamatergic transmission and discuss implications of these novel players for intervention. A link between regular consumption of caffeine-an adenosine receptor blocker-to decreased risk of AD in humans is well established, while the mechanisms responsible have only now been uncovered. We review compelling evidence from humans and animal models that implicate adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) upsurge as a crucial mediator of age-related synaptic dysfunction. The relevance of this mechanism in patients was very recently demonstrated in the form of a significant association of the A2AR-encoding gene with hippocampal volume (synaptic loss) in mild cognitive impairment and AD. Novel pathways implicate A2AR in the control of mGluR5-dependent NMDAR activation and subsequent Ca2+ dysfunction upon aging. The nature of this receptor makes it particularly suited for long-term therapies, as an alternative for regulating aberrant mGluR5/NMDAR signaling in aging and disease, without disrupting their crucial constitutive activity.M.T.-F. and J.E.C. were supported by a fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal); L.V.L is an Investigator CEEC-FCT. P.A.P. is supported by EU Joint Program—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) project CIRCPROT (jointly funded by BMBF, MIUR, and EU Horizon 2020 grant agreement no. 643417). This study was also funded by Santa Casa da Misericórdia - Mantero Belard 2018 (MB-7-2018) and by UID/BIM/50005/2019, project funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)/ Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES) through Fundos do Orçamento de Estado.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

α-synuclein interacts with PrPC to induce cognitive impairment through mGluR5 and NMDAR2B

© 2017 Nature America, Inc., part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.Synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (aSyn) in intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Prefibrillar soluble aSyn oligomers, rather than larger inclusions, are currently considered to be crucial species underlying synaptic dysfunction. We identified the cellular prion protein (PrPC) as a key mediator in aSyn-induced synaptic impairment. The aSyn-associated impairment of long-term potentiation was blocked in Prnp null mice and rescued following PrPC blockade. We found that extracellular aSyn oligomers formed a complex with PrPC that induced the phosphorylation of Fyn kinase via metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5). aSyn engagement of PrPC and Fyn activated NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and altered calcium homeostasis. Blockade of mGluR5-evoked phosphorylation of NMDAR in aSyn transgenic mice rescued synaptic and cognitive deficits, supporting the hypothesis that a receptor-mediated mechanism, independent of pore formation and membrane leakage, is sufficient to trigger early synaptic damage induced by extracellular aSyn.M.T.F., H.V.M. and J.E.C. were supported by individual grants from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) (SFRH/BD/52228/2013; SFRH/BPD/109347/2015; SFRH/BPD/87647/2012); L.V.L. and T.F.O. were supported by a grant from the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung (Az. 10.12.2.165), Germany. L.V.L. received an iMM Lisboa internal fund (BIG – Breakthrough Idea Grant) for part of the project. L.V.L. is an Investigator FCT, Portugal. T.F.O. is supported by the DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Germany. LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007391, project co-financed by FEDER, POR Lisboa 2020 - Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa, from PORTUGAL 2020 and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The caffeine-binding adenosine A2A receptor induces age-like HPA-axis dysfunction by targeting glucocorticoid receptor function

International audienc

Glycation modulates glutamatergic signaling and exacerbates Parkinson’s disease-like phenotypes

Funding Information: This study was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) PTDC/NEU-OSD/5644/2014, by iNOVA4Health UIDB/04462/2020 and UIDP/04462/2020, a program financially supported by FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, through national funds; and by Sociedade Portuguesa de Diabetologia. The authors were supported by: A.C. (FCT, PD/BD/136863/2018; ProRegeM – PhD programme, mechanisms of disease and regenerative medicine); B.F.G. (PTDC/NEU-OSD/5644/2014); L.S. (SFRH/BD/143286/2019). T.F.O. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy - EXC 2067/1- 390729940, and by SFB1286 (B8). Funding Information: We would like to thank the vivarium and behavioral facilities at Instituto de Medicina Molecular?Jo?o Lobo Antunes for all the support. We also thank Prof. Rosalina Fonseca, Prof. S?lvia V. Conde, Dr Rita Machado de Oliveira, Dr Nat?lia Madeira, Dr Liliana Lopes, Dr Tatiana Burrinha, and Dr Catarina Perdig?o for fruitful discussions. We thank Dr Manuela Correia for all the laboratory support. We are deeply thankful to Prof. Jos? Ramalho for kindly allowing the use of equipment for protein analysis. This study was supported by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (FCT) PTDC/NEU-OSD/5644/2014, by iNOVA4Health UIDB/04462/2020 and UIDP/04462/2020, a program financially supported by FCT/Minist?rio da Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, through national funds; and by Sociedade Portuguesa de Diabetologia. The authors were supported by: A.C. (FCT, PD/BD/136863/2018; ProRegeM ? PhD programme, mechanisms of disease and regenerative medicine); B.F.G. (PTDC/NEU-OSD/5644/2014); L.S. (SFRH/BD/143286/2019). T.F.O. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany?s Excellence Strategy - EXC 2067/1- 390729940, and by SFB1286 (B8). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a central player in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies due to its accumulation in typical protein aggregates in the brain. However, it is still unclear how it contributes to neurodegeneration. Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Interestingly, a common molecular alteration among these disorders is the age-associated increase in protein glycation. We hypothesized that glycation-induced neuronal dysfunction is a contributing factor in synucleinopathies. Here, we dissected the impact of methylglyoxal (MGO, a glycating agent) in mice overexpressing aSyn in the brain. We found that MGO-glycation potentiates motor, cognitive, olfactory, and colonic dysfunction in aSyn transgenic (Thy1-aSyn) mice that received a single dose of MGO via intracerebroventricular injection. aSyn accumulates in the midbrain, striatum, and prefrontal cortex, and protein glycation is increased in the cerebellum and midbrain. SWATH mass spectrometry analysis, used to quantify changes in the brain proteome, revealed that MGO mainly increase glutamatergic-associated proteins in the midbrain (NMDA, AMPA, glutaminase, VGLUT and EAAT1), but not in the prefrontal cortex, where it mainly affects the electron transport chain. The glycated proteins in the midbrain of MGO-injected Thy1-aSyn mice strongly correlate with PD and dopaminergic pathways. Overall, we demonstrated that MGO-induced glycation accelerates PD-like sensorimotor and cognitive alterations and suggest that the increase of glutamatergic signaling may underly these events. Our study sheds new light into the enhanced vulnerability of the midbrain in PD-related synaptic dysfunction and suggests that glycation suppressors and anti-glutamatergic drugs may hold promise as disease-modifying therapies for synucleinopathies.publishersversionpublishe

The Amyloid Precursor Protein C-Terminal Domain Alters CA1 Neuron Firing, Modifying Hippocampus Oscillations and Impairing Spatial Memory Encoding

International audienc

Exacerbation of C1q dysregulation, synaptic loss and memory deficits in tau pathology linked to neuronal adenosine A2A receptor

International audienceAccumulating data support the role of tau pathology in cognitive decline in ageing and Alzheimer's disease, but underlying mechanisms remain ill-defined. Interestingly, ageing and Alzheimer's disease have been associated with an abnormal upregulation of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), a fine tuner of synaptic plasticity. However, the link between A2AR signalling and tau pathology has remained largely unexplored. In the present study, we report for the first time a significant upregulation of A2AR in patients suffering from frontotemporal lobar degeneration with the MAPT P301L mutation. To model these alterations, we induced neuronal A2AR upregulation in a tauopathy mouse model (THY-Tau22) using a new conditional strain allowing forebrain overexpression of the receptor. We found that neuronal A2AR upregulation increases tau hyperphosphorylation, potentiating the onset of tau-induced memory deficits. This detrimental effect was linked to a singular microglial signature as revealed by RNA sequencing analysis. In particular, we found that A2AR overexpression in THY-Tau22 mice led to the hippocampal upregulation of C1q complement protein-also observed in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration-and correlated with the loss of glutamatergic synapses, likely underlying the observed memory deficits. These data reveal a key impact of overactive neuronal A2AR in the onset of synaptic loss in tauopathies, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches

α-synuclein interacts with PrPC to induce cognitive impairment through mGluR5 and NMDAR2B

© 2017 Nature America, Inc., part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.Synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (aSyn) in intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Prefibrillar soluble aSyn oligomers, rather than larger inclusions, are currently considered to be crucial species underlying synaptic dysfunction. We identified the cellular prion protein (PrPC) as a key mediator in aSyn-induced synaptic impairment. The aSyn-associated impairment of long-term potentiation was blocked in Prnp null mice and rescued following PrPC blockade. We found that extracellular aSyn oligomers formed a complex with PrPC that induced the phosphorylation of Fyn kinase via metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5). aSyn engagement of PrPC and Fyn activated NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and altered calcium homeostasis. Blockade of mGluR5-evoked phosphorylation of NMDAR in aSyn transgenic mice rescued synaptic and cognitive deficits, supporting the hypothesis that a receptor-mediated mechanism, independent of pore formation and membrane leakage, is sufficient to trigger early synaptic damage induced by extracellular aSyn.M.T.F., H.V.M. and J.E.C. were supported by individual grants from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) (SFRH/BD/52228/2013; SFRH/BPD/109347/2015; SFRH/BPD/87647/2012); L.V.L. and T.F.O. were supported by a grant from the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung (Az. 10.12.2.165), Germany. L.V.L. received an iMM Lisboa internal fund (BIG – Breakthrough Idea Grant) for part of the project. L.V.L. is an Investigator FCT, Portugal. T.F.O. is supported by the DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Germany. LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007391, project co-financed by FEDER, POR Lisboa 2020 - Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa, from PORTUGAL 2020 and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Age-related shift in LTD is dependent on neuronal adenosine A2A receptors interplay with mGluR5 and NMDA receptors

Synaptic dysfunction plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), since it drives the cognitive decline. An association between a polymorphism of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) encoding gene-ADORA2A, and hippocampal volume in AD patients was recently described. In this study, we explore the synaptic function of A2AR in age-related conditions. We report, for the first time, a significant overexpression of A2AR in hippocampal neurons of aged humans, which is aggravated in AD patients. A similar profile of A2AR overexpression in rats was sufficient to drive age-like memory impairments in young animals and to uncover a hippocampal LTD-to-LTP shift. This was accompanied by increased NMDA receptor gating, dependent on mGluR5 and linked to enhanced Ca(2+) influx. We confirmed the same plasticity shift in memory-impaired aged rats and APP/PS1 mice modeling AD, which was rescued upon A2AR blockade. This A2AR/mGluR5/NMDAR interaction might prove a suitable alternative for regulating aberrant mGluR5/NMDAR signaling in AD without disrupting their constitutive activity