Esclavitud y ética comercial en el siglo XVI

En varios tratados españoles del siglo XVI, la esclavitud como fenómeno social y comercial adquirió una importancia teórica cada vez mayor con respecto al estatus legal y moral de los seres humanos. El presente trabajo trata de esbozar algunos de los argumentos con respecto al comercio de esclavos y sus implicaciones morales y legales de acuerdo los autores Tomás de Mercado (1530-1576) y Bartolomé Frías de Albornoz (s. XVI), mostrando cómo la discusión se encaminó hacia la expresión de derechos individuales, sin, no obstante, superar el tradicional apego al concepto de esclavitud legal

Ley natural y humana en el contexto atlántico: Alonso de la Veracruz and Tomás de Mercado

In this paper on the early mexican thinkers Alonso de la Veracruz and Tomás de Mercado, a scarcely explored topic will be pursued: the foundational role of natural law and its interpretability through human law. It will be shown that both authors, based on the Salamancan traditions of the 16th century, introduce a method that would affirm the validity of natural law and, at the same time, allow diverse applications of the normative parameters of human law. As Veracruz argues in his critique of tithing for indigenous peoples, the natural law can be reinterpreted based on concrete social facts. In the case of Mercado, even when human law is congruent with natural law, it can be disregarded to avoid personal or public harm mainly in commercial transactions.En este trabajo sobre los pensadores novohispanos Alonso de la Veracruz y Tomás de Mercado se seguirá la argumentación de un tema escasamente explorado: el papel fundacional de la ley natural y su interpretabilidad a través de la ley humana. Se mostrará que ambos autores, basados en las tradiciones salamantinas del siglo XVI, introducen un método que afirmaría la validez de la ley natural y, al mismo tiempo, permitir aplicaciones diversas de los parámetros normativos de la ley humana. Esto es posible, como lo sostiene Veracruz en su crítica al diezmo para los pueblos indígenas, cuando la ley natural tenga que reinterpretarse a partir de hechos sociales concretos o cuando, como en el caso de Mercado, la ley humana sea congruente con la ley natural y, no obstante, tenga que desacatarse para evitar perjuicios personales o públicos en el plano comercial

Synthese neuer Photoschalter zur Funktionalisierung von Triazatriangulenen auf Goldoberflächen

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese modifizierter Photoschalter, welche für die jeweiligen oberflächenanalytischen Spektroskopiearten, insbesondere STM, AFM und IRRAS, optimiert wurden. Die Photoschalter wurden mit verschiedenen Kopf- und Spacer-Gruppen substituiert und mit den Triazatrianguleniumionen (TATA-Plattformen) kombiniert. Als photoschaltbare Einheiten wurde eine Vielzahl neuer Diazocine designt, synthetisiert und auf ihre photoschaltbaren Eigenschaften getestet

Ius est idem quod dominium: Conrado Summenhart, Francisco de Vitoria y la conquista de América

This article intends to argue that Francisco de Vitoria’s conception of the Spanish Conquest of America is based upon notions that stem from various sources of the 14th and 15th Century. One of his most important source is the Opus septipertitum de contractibus, written by the German theologian Conradus Summenhart, whom Vitoria quotes frequently. By comparing both thinkers it can be shown that Vitoria’s basic terminology concerning rights and dominion is in greatly indebted to Summenhart’s accoun

An environmental control box for serial crystallography enables multi-dimensional experiments

We present a new environmental enclosure for fixed-target, serial crystallography enabling full control of both the temperature and humidity. While maintaining the relative humidity to within a percent, this enclosure provides access to X-ray diffraction experiments in a wide temperature range from below 10 °C to above 80 °C. Coupled with the LAMA method, time-resolved serial crystallography experiments can now be carried out at truly physiological temperatures, providing fundamentally new insight into protein function. Using the hyperthermophile enzyme xylose isomerase, we demonstrate changes in the electron density as a function of increasing temperature and time. This method provides the necessary tools to successfully carry out multi-dimensional serial crystallography

The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias

The effect of window material on electron beam induced phenomena in liquid phase electron microscopy (LPEM) is an interesting yet under-explored subject. We have studied the differences of electron beam induced gold nanoparticle (AuNP) growth subject to three encapsulation materials: Silicon Nitride (Si3N4), carbon and formvar. We find Si3N4 liquid cells (LCs) to result in significantly higher AuNP growth yield as compared to LCs employing the other two materials. In all cases, an electrical bias of the entire LC structures significantly affected particle growth. We demonstrate an inverse correlation of the AuNP growth rate with secondary electron (SE) emission from the windows. We attribute these differences at least in part to variations in SE emission dynamics, which is seen as a combination of material and bias dependent SE escape flux (SEEF) and SE return flux (SERF). Furthermore, our model predictions qualitatively match electrochemistry expectations

Two-dimensional confinement for generating thin single crystals for applications in time-resolved electron diffraction and spectroscopy: an intramolecular proton transfer study

Thin single organic crystals (≤1 μm) with large area (≥100 × 100 μm2) are desirable to explore photoinduced processes using ultrafast spectroscopy and electron-diffraction. Here, we present a general method based on spatial confinement to grow such crystals using the prototypical proton transfer system, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, as an example, and provide the protocol for optically characterizing structural dynamics to enable proper assignments using diffraction methods